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有害空氣污染物
鎖定
- 中文名
- 有害空氣污染物
- 外文名
- hazardous air pollutants
- 又 稱
- 有毒空氣污染物
- 提出者
- 美國環保署
- 種類數目
- 187 種
- 危 害
- 致癌或導致嚴重疾病
- 類 型
- 環境科學術語
有害空氣污染物背景
1970 年美國聯邦政府出台了《清潔空氣法案》(Clean Air Act of 1970),這項法案促使美國環保署(United States Environmental Protection Agency,簡稱 EPA)出台了國家有害空氣污染物排放標準(National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants,簡稱 NESHAPS)。這項標準裏列舉了一些有害空氣污染物:砷、苯、氡、鈹、汞等等
[1]
。1990 年美國聯邦政府又出台了《清潔空氣法案修正案》(Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990),這項修正案列出了 189 種有害空氣污染物。後來,有三種污染物被移出這個名單,分別是丁酮、2-丁氧基乙醇和己內酰胺,有一種污染物——硫化氫被加入這個名單,所以這個名單上有 187 種有害空氣污染物。2016 年底,美國環保署起草將正丙基溴加入這個名單,還在徵求意見中
[2]
。
英國沒有參照美國對有害空氣污染物的劃分,而是從 1998 年開始重視兩大類污染物——持久性有機污染物(包括六氯苯、滴滴涕、六溴聯苯、二噁英、多環芳烴等)和重金屬污染物(包括釩化合物、砷化物、鎘化合物、銅化合物等),並對它們進行嚴格控制。英國認為這兩大類污染物是有害空氣污染物。
[3]
有害空氣污染物名單(美國)
CAS 註冊號 | 中文名 | 英文名 |
---|---|---|
75070 | Acetaldehyde | |
60355 | Acetamide | |
75058 | Acetonitrile | |
98862 | Acetophenone | |
53963 | 2-Acetylaminofluorene | |
107028 | Acrolein | |
79061 | Acrylamide | |
79107 | Acrylic acid | |
107131 | Acrylonitrile | |
107051 | Allyl chloride | |
92671 | 4-氨基聯苯 | 4-Aminobiphenyl |
62533 | Aniline | |
90040 | o-Anisidine | |
1332214 | Asbestos | |
71432 | Benzene (including benzene from gasoline) | |
92875 | Benzidine | |
98077 | Benzotrichloride | |
100447 | 苄基氯 | Benzyl chloride |
92524 | Biphenyl | |
117817 | 雙(2-乙基己基)鄰苯二甲酸 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) |
542881 | Bis(chloromethyl)ether | |
75252 | Bromoform | |
106990 | 1,3-Butadiene | |
156627 | Calcium cyanamide | |
133062 | Captan | |
63252 | Carbaryl | |
75150 | Carbon disulfide | |
56235 | Carbon tetrachloride | |
463581 | Carbonyl sulfide | |
120809 | Catechol | |
133904 | Chloramben | |
57749 | Chlordane | |
7782505 | Chlorine | |
79118 | Chloroacetic acid | |
532274 | 2-氯苯乙酮 | 2-Chloroacetophenone |
108907 | Chlorobenzene | |
510156 | Chlorobenzilate | |
67663 | Chloroform | |
107302 | Chloromethyl methyl ether | |
126998 | Chloroprene | |
1319773 | Cresols/Cresylic acid (isomers and mixture) | |
95487 | o-Cresol | |
108394 | m-Cresol | |
106445 | p-Cresol | |
98828 | Cumene | |
94757 | 2,4-D, salts and esters | |
3547044 | 滴滴伊 | DDE |
334883 | Diazomethane | |
132649 | Dibenzofurans | |
96128 | 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane | |
84742 | Dibutylphthalate | |
106467 | 1,4-Dichlorobenzene(p) | |
91941 | 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine | |
111444 | Dichloroethyl ether (Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether) | |
542756 | 1,3-Dichloropropene | |
62737 | Dichlorvos | |
111422 | Diethanolamine | |
121697 | N,N-Dimethylaniline | |
64675 | Diethyl sulfate | |
119904 | 3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine | |
60117 | 二甲基氨基偶氮苯 | Dimethyl aminoazobenzene |
119937 | 3,3'-Dimethyl benzidine | |
79447 | 二甲基氨基甲酰氯 | Dimethyl carbamoyl chloride |
68122 | Dimethyl formamide | |
57147 | 1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine | |
131113 | Dimethyl phthalate | |
77781 | Dimethyl sulfate | |
534521 | 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, and salts | |
51285 | 2,4-Dinitrophenol | |
121142 | 2,4-Dinitrotoluene | |
123911 | 1,4-二惡烷 | 1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide) |
122667 | 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine | |
106898 | Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane) | |
106887 | 1,2-Epoxybutane | |
140885 | Ethyl acrylate | |
100414 | Ethyl benzene | |
51796 | Ethyl carbamate (Urethane) | |
75003 | Ethyl chloride (Chloroethane) | |
106934 | 二溴乙烷 | Ethylene dibromide (Dibromoethane) |
107062 | Ethylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) | |
151564 | Ethylene imine (Aziridine) | |
75218 | Ethylene oxide | |
96457 | Ethylene thiourea | |
75343 | Ethylidene dichloride (1,1-Dichloroethane) | |
50000 | Formaldehyde | |
76448 | Heptachlor | |
118741 | Hexachlorobenzene | |
87683 | Hexachlorobutadiene | |
77474 | Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | |
67721 | Hexachloroethane | |
822060 | Hexamethylene-1,6-diisocyanate | |
680319 | 六甲基磷酸胺 | Hexamethylphosphoramide |
110543 | Hexane | |
302012 | Hydrazine | |
7647010 | Hydrochloric acid | |
7664393 | Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid) | |
7783064 | Hydrogen sulfide | |
123319 | Hydroquinone | |
78591 | Isophorone | |
58899 | Lindane (all isomers) | |
108316 | Maleic anhydride | |
67561 | Methanol | |
72435 | Methoxychlor | |
74839 | Methyl bromide (Bromomethane) | |
74873 | Methyl chloride (Chloromethane) | |
71556 | 甲基氯仿 | Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) |
60344 | Methyl hydrazine | |
74884 | Methyl iodide (Iodomethane) | |
108101 | Methyl isobutyl ketone (Hexone) | |
624839 | Methyl isocyanate | |
80626 | Methyl methacrylate | |
1634044 | Methyl tert butyl ether | |
101144 | 4,4-亞甲基-雙(2-氯苯胺) | 4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) |
75092 | Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane) | |
101688 | Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) | |
101779 | 4,4-亞甲基雙苯胺 | 4,4'-Methylenedianiline |
91203 | Naphthalene | |
98953 | Nitrobenzene | |
92933 | 4-硝基聯苯 | 4-Nitrobiphenyl |
100027 | 4-硝基苯酚 | 4-Nitrophenol |
79469 | 2-硝基苯烷 | 2-Nitropropane |
684935 | N-Nitroso-N-methylurea | |
62759 | N-Nitrosodimethylamine | |
59892 | N-Nitrosomorpholine | |
56382 | Parathion | |
82688 | Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintobenzene) | |
87865 | Pentachlorophenol | |
108952 | Phenol | |
106503 | p-Phenylenediamine | |
75445 | Phosgene | |
7803512 | Phosphine | |
7723140 | Phosphorus | |
85449 | Phthalic anhydride | |
1336363 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclors) | |
1120714 | 1,3-Propane sultone | |
57578 | beta-Propiolactone | |
123386 | Propionaldehyde | |
114261 | Propoxur (Baygon) | |
78875 | Propylene dichloride (1,2-Dichloropropane) | |
75569 | Propylene oxide | |
75558 | 1,2-丙烯亞胺 | 1,2-Propylenimine (2-Methyl aziridine) |
91225 | Quinoline | |
106514 | Quinone | |
100425 | Styrene | |
96093 | 環氧苯乙烯 | Styrene oxide |
1746016 | 2,3,7,8-四氧二苯二氧雜環己二烯 | 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin |
79345 | 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | |
127184 | Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) | |
7550450 | Titanium tetrachloride | |
108883 | Toluene | |
95807 | 2,4-Toluene diamine | |
584849 | 2,4-Toluene diisocyanate | |
95534 | o-Toluidine | |
8001352 | Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene) | |
120821 | 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene | |
79005 | 1,1,2-Trichloroethane | |
79016 | Trichloroethylene | |
95954 | 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol | |
88062 | 2,4,6-三氯苯酚 | 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol |
121448 | Triethylamine | |
1582098 | Trifluralin | |
540841 | 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane | |
108054 | Vinyl acetate | |
593602 | Vinyl bromide | |
75014 | Vinyl chloride | |
75354 | Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene) | |
1330207 | Xylenes (isomers and mixture) | |
95476 | o-Xylenes | |
108383 | m-Xylenes | |
106423 | p-Xylenes | |
0 | Antimony Compounds | |
0 | Arsenic Compounds (inorganic including arsine) | |
0 | Beryllium Compounds | |
0 | 鎘化合物 | Cadmium Compounds |
0 | 鉻化合物 | Chromium Compounds |
0 | 鈷化合物 | Cobalt Compounds |
0 | 焦爐逸散物 | Coke Oven Emissions |
0 | Cyanide Compounds | |
0 | 乙二醇醚 | Glycol ethers |
0 | 鉛化合物 | Lead Compounds |
0 | Manganese Compounds | |
0 | 汞化合物 | Mercury Compounds |
0 | 細礦物纖維 | Fine mineral fibers |
0 | 鎳化合物 | Nickel Compounds |
0 | 多環有機物 | Polycyclic Organic Matter |
0 | Radionuclides (including radon) | |
0 | 硒化合物 | Selenium Compounds |
有害空氣污染物來源
(2)面源。面源是小規模的污染源,每天排放有害空氣污染物的總量低於 25 噸,排放上述列表中任何一種污染物的量都不超過 10 噸。實例有打印店、洗衣店、加油站等等,也包括人們在家使用各種物品(如殺蟲劑、清潔劑)時排放出的有害空氣污染物。
(3)移動源。移動源是沒有固定地點的污染源,比如汽車、火車、輪船。美國環保署估計,在美國,移動源排放的有害空氣污染物佔有害空氣污染物總排放量的一半。
有害空氣污染物對人體的影響
接觸人體的途徑
呼吸被污染的空氣;
吃被污染的食物;
喝被污染的水;
皮膚接觸污染物。
引發疾病
人體接觸有害空氣污染物後,可能患急性或慢性的疾病。具體的影響因人而異,也因污染物種類和劑量而異。短時間暴露於有害空氣污染物可能產生眼睛刺痛、噁心或呼吸困難,長時間的暴露可能導致呼吸道疾病、神經系統損傷、肝腎疾病、生殖缺陷甚至癌症。
[4]
有害空氣污染物降低政策
任何種類的汽油中,苯的體積含量不能超過 0.62%;
便攜式汽油或柴油容器泄露和蒸發的烴的量不得超過 0.3 克每加侖每天。
美國環境署也對工業界作出了一系列規定,其中最重要的是最大可達控制技術(Maximum Achievable Control Technology,簡稱 MACT)標準,這項標準明確了工廠對各種有害空氣污染物的最大排放量。這項標準是根據低排放工廠的排放量制定的,每過幾年就更新一次。這項標準已經得到了很好的實施,預計得到的最好結果是使有害空氣污染物的排放量每年減少 170 萬噸
[7]
。
- 參考資料
-
- 1. Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS) .Utah Department of Environmental Quality[引用日期2017-01-08]
- 2. Initial List of Hazardous Air Pollutants with Modifications .EPA[引用日期2017-01-08]
- 3. Hazardous Air Pollutants .Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs - UK Government[引用日期2017-01-08]
- 4. Hazardous Air Pollutants: Overview .Maine Department of Environmental Protection - Air Quality[引用日期2017-01-08]
- 5. Hazardous Air Pollutants: Sources and Exposure .EPA[引用日期2017-01-08]
- 6. Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources .EPA[引用日期2017-01-08]
- 7. Reducing Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants .EPA[引用日期2017-01-08]