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己烷

鎖定
己烷,分子式C6H14,是含有6個碳原子的烷烴,有正己烷、2-甲基戊烷3-甲基戊烷、2,3-二甲基丁烷和2,2-二甲基丁烷五種同分異構體。其中,正己烷可以用作良好的有機溶劑,被廣泛使用在化工有機合成,植物油浸出、機械設備表面清洗去污等環節。常温下,己烷均為液態。
己烷密度為0.672,熔點為-95℃,沸點為68-70℃,閃點為-22℃,己烷不溶於水,但易溶於乙醇、乙醚等多數有機溶劑。己烷極易燃燒,會和鹵素發生取代反應
己烷有一定毒性,長期接觸會使人慢性中毒,嚴重的甚至致人暈倒、昏迷,乃至死亡。
中文名
己烷 [31] 
外文名
Hexane [31] 
別    名
正己烷 [31] 
分子式
C6H14 [31] 
分子量
86.175 [31] 
CAS號
110-54-3 [31] 
所屬學科
化學;有機物
同分異構體
存在5種同分異構體
毒    性
有毒
EINECS號
203-777-6

己烷編號系統

CAS號:110-54-3
MDL號:MFCD00009520
EINECS號:203-523-4
RTECS號:MN9275000
BRN號:1730733 [1] 

己烷物性數據

己烷的物性數據
1
性狀
高度揮發性無色液體,有汽油味。
2
熔點(℃)
-95.3~-94.3
3
沸點(℃)
69
4
相對密度(水=1)
0.66 [31] 
5
相對蒸氣密度(空氣=1)
2.97 [31] 
6
飽和蒸氣壓(kPa)
17(20℃) [31] 
7
燃燒熱(kJ/mol)
-4159.1 [31] 
8
臨界温度(℃)
234.8 [31] 
9
臨界壓力(MPa)
3.09 [31] 
10
辛醇/水分配係數
3.9 [31] 
11
閃點(℃)
-22 [31] 
12
引燃温度(℃)
225 [31] 
13
爆炸上限(%)
7.5 [31] 
14
爆炸下限(%)
1.1 [31] 
15
溶解性
不溶於水,溶於乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、氯仿等多數有機溶劑。
16
燃燒總髮熱量(kJ/mol)
4165.9 [31] 
17
燃燒最低發熱量(kJ/mol)
3857.6 [31] 
18
黏度(25℃,液體)/mPa·s
0.307 [31] 
19
蒸發熱(0ºC)(kJ/mol)
33.12 [31] 
20
溶化熱(kJ/mol)
13.04 [31] 
21
苯胺點(ºC)
63.6 [31] 
22
熱導率(25 ºC,液體)
/[W/(m·K)]
23
生成熱(25 ºC,液體)
/(kJ·mol-1
-198.96 [31] 
24
比熱容(0 ºC,定壓,液體)
/[kJ/(kg·K)]
2.278 [1] 

己烷化學性質

1、氧化反應:己烷極易燃,其蒸氣與空氣可形成爆炸性混合物。遇明火、高熱極易燃燒爆炸。與氧化劑接觸發生強烈反應,甚至引起燃燒。在火場中,受熱的容器有爆炸危險。其蒸氣比空氣重,能在較低處擴散到相當遠的地方,遇明火會引着回燃。燃燒產物為二氧化碳、水和一氧化碳(一氧化碳在不完全燃燒時產生)。
己烷完全燃燒的化學方程式為:2C6H14+19O2=12CO2+14H2O(條件為點燃)
2、取代反應:與其他烷烴一樣,己烷也可以和鹵素(F、Cl、Br、I)發生取代反應,取代生成的化合物有很多種。故而,己烷必須避開鹵素(比如氟、氯、溴、碘)存放。 [1] 

己烷毒理學數據

1.急性毒性
LD50:25g/kg(大鼠經口)
LC50:48000ppm(大鼠吸入,4h)
2.刺激性 家兔經眼:10mg,輕度刺激。
3.亞急性與慢性毒性 大鼠每天吸入2.76克每立方米,持續143d,夜間活動減少,網狀內皮系統輕度異常反應,末梢神經有髓鞘退行性變,軸突輕度變化,腓腸肌肌纖維輕度萎縮。 [1] 

己烷生態學數據

1.生態毒性
LC50:4mg/L(24h)(金魚);>50mg/L(24h)(水蚤)
IC50:10mg/L(72h)(藻類)
2.生物降解性 MITI-I測試,初始濃度100ppm,污泥濃度30ppm,4周後降解100%。
3.非生物降解性 空氣中,當羥基自由基濃度為5.00×105個/cm3時,降解半衰期為3d(理論)。
4.生物富集性 BCF:200(理論) [1] 

己烷分子結構數據

1、摩爾折射率:29.84 [31] 
2、摩爾體積(
/mol):127.5 [31] 
3、等張比容(90.2K):270.8 [31] 
4、表面張力(dyne/cm):20.3 [31] 
5、介電常數(F/m):1.87 [31] 
6、極化率(
):11.83 [1] 

己烷計算化學數據

己烷的計算化學數據
1
疏水參數計算參考值(XlogP)
2
氫鍵供體數量
0 [31] 
3
氫鍵受體數量
0 [31] 
4
可旋轉化學鍵數量
3 [31] 
5
互變異構體數量
6
拓撲分子極性表面積
0 [31] 
7
重原子數量
6 [31] 
8
表面電荷
0 [31] 
9
複雜度
12 [31] 
10
同位素原子數量
0 [31] 
11
確定原子立構中心數量
0 [31] 
12
不確定原子立構中心數量
0 [31] 
13
確定化學鍵立構中心數量
0 [31] 
14
不確定化學鍵立構中心數量
0 [31] 
15
共價鍵單元數量
1 [1] 

己烷性質與穩定性

1.穩定性:穩定
2.禁配物:強氧化劑、強酸、強鹼、鹵素
3.聚合危害:不聚合 [1] 

己烷貯存方法

儲存注意事項: 儲存於陰涼、通風的庫房。遠離火種、熱源。庫温不宜超過29℃。保持容器密封。應與氧化劑分開存放,切忌混儲。採用防爆型照明、通風設施。禁止使用易產生火花的機械設備和工具。儲區應備有泄漏應急處理設備和合適的收容材料。 [1] 

己烷合成方法

1.存在於直餾汽油、鉑重整抽餘油或濕性天然氣中,含量1%~15%。目前,工業生產主要是從鉑重整裝置的抽餘油(含己烷11%~13%)中分離,用精餾法除去輕重組分後,得到含正己烷60%~80%的餾分。採用雙塔連續精餾,再經0501型催化劑加氫,除去苯等不飽和烴,得到合格產品。美國還採用吸附分離法制備正己烷。
2.以正己烷為原料(正己烷含量為90%~95%),經過精密精餾製得高純正己烷。
3.主要採用抽餘油分離法。將鉑重整裝置的抽餘油 ( 含乙烷11%~13%)精餾分離,除去輕重組分後,得正己烷,純度為60%~80%,再以60~140℃的餾分為原料 ( 含正己烷11%~13%),採用兩塔連續分離,除輕、重組分後,得含正己烷為60%~80%的餾分,最後經過0 5 0 1催化劑加氫,除去苯等不飽和烴而得正己烷。 [1] 

己烷用途

1.主要作溶劑,如丙烯等烯烴聚合時的溶劑、食用植物油的提取劑、橡膠和塗料的溶劑以及顏料的稀釋劑。此外,它還是高辛烷值燃料。
2.主要用於大氣監測以及配製標準氣、校正氣。
3.用作溶劑、色譜分析參比物質。用於折射率的測定,甲醇中水分的測定,還用於有機合成。
4.主要作溶劑。在化妝品中用作溶劑,主要用作指甲油等化妝品用纖維素的溶劑。
5.用於有機合成,用作溶劑、化學試劑、塗料稀釋劑、聚合反應的介質等。 [1] 

己烷安全信息

危險運輸編碼:UN 3295 3/PG 2
危險品標誌:易燃有害危害環境
安全標識:S9S16S29S33S51S24/25
危險標識:R11R48/20 [1] 

己烷物質毒性

編號
毒性類型
測試方法
測試對象
使用劑量
毒性作用
1
急性
Inhalation
Human
190 ppm/8W
1.周圍神經毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - structural change in nerve or sheath
2
急性
口服
Rodent - rat
25 mg/kg
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
3
急性
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
48000 ppm/4H
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
4
急性
Intraperitoneal
Rodent - rat
9100 mg/kg
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
5
急性
Inhalation
Rodent - mouse
120 mg/m3
1.行為毒性Behavi口服- general anesthetic
2.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression
3.心臟毒性Cardiac - other changes
6
急性
Intravenous
Rodent - mouse
831 mg/kg
1.行為毒性Behavi口服- altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)
7
急性
Intravenous
Rodent - rabbit
132 mg/kg
1.Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
8
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
2000 ppm/12H/24W-I
1.脊髓神經毒性Spinal Cord - other degenerative changes
2.周圍神經毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from peripheral motor nerve
3.生化毒性Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - other proteins
9
MutipleDose
口服
Rodent - rat
40 mg/kg/4W-I
1.營養和代謝系統毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
10
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
1000 ppm/24H/11W-C
1.大腦毒性Brain and Coverings - recordings from specific areas of CNS
2.行為毒性Behavi口服- muscle weakness
3.營養和代謝系統毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
11
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
1 pph/6H/13W-I
1.大腦毒性Brain and Coverings - changes in brain weight
2.營養和代謝系統毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
12
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
476 ppm/6H/4W-I
1.肺部、胸部或者呼吸毒性Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
2.生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases
3.生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - dehydrogenases
13
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
3000 ppm/6H/2Y-I
1.營養和代謝系統毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
14
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
500 ppm/24H/9W-C
1.周圍神經毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change
2.營養和代謝系統毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
15
MutipleDose
Intraperitoneal
Rodent - rat
18900 mg/kg/35D-I
1.周圍神經毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from afferent nerve
2.周圍神經毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from peripheral motor nerve
3.營養和代謝系統毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
16
MutipleDose
Intraperitoneal
Rodent - rat
4788 mg/kg/7D-I
1.肝毒性Liver - other changes
2.血液毒性Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
3.生化毒性Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - multiple enzyme effects
17
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
1200 ppm/12H/16W-I
1.周圍神經毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - recording from peripheral motor nerve
2.營養和代謝系統毒性Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
3.生化毒性Biochemical - Metabolism (Intermediary) - other proteins
18
MutipleDose
Inhalation
Rodent - mouse
10000 ppm/6H/13W-I
1.嗅覺毒性Sense Organs and Special Senses (Olfaction) - effect, not otherwise specified
2.行為毒性Behavi口服- changes in motor activity (specific assay)
3.血液毒性Blood - changes in other cell count (unspecified)
19
MutipleDose
Intraperitoneal
Bird - chicken
18 mg/kg/90D-I
1.周圍神經毒性Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - structural change in nerve or sheath
2.行為毒性Behavi口服- ataxia
3.慢性病相關毒性Related to Chronic Data - death
20
SkinEyeIrrition
Administration into the eye
Rodent - rabbit
10 mg
1.Mild
21
Mutation

Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae
132 mmol/L

22
Mutation

Rodent - hamster Fibroblast
500 mg/L

23
Tumorigenic
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
1000 ppm/4H/59W-I
1.致癌性Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria
2.生殖毒性Reproductive - Tumorigenic effects - testicular tumors
24
Tumorigenic
Inhalation
Rodent - mouse
9018 ppm/6H/2Y-I
1.致癌性Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria
2.肝毒性Liver - tumors
25
Reproductive
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
10000 ppm/7H,female 15 day(s) pre-mating
1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
26
Reproductive
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
1000 ppm/6H,female 8-16 day(s) after conception
1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - growth statistics (e.g.%, reduced weight gain)
27
Reproductive
Inhalation
Rodent - rat
5000 ppm/20H,female 6-19 day(s) after conception
1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
28
Reproductive
口服
Rodent - mouse
238 mg/kg,female 6-15 day(s) after conception
1.生殖毒性Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
[2]  [3]  [4-30] 

己烷同分異構體

1、己烷有5種同分異構體
同分異構體:存在同分異構現象。
正己烷
2-甲基戊烷(2-methylpentane)
3-甲基戊烷(3-methylpentane)
2,2-二甲基丁烷(2,2-dimethylbutane)
2,3-二甲基丁烷(2,3-dimethylbutane)
普通命名
IUPAC命名
己烷、
正己烷
己烷
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
異己烷
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH3

CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3

CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3
新己烷
CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH3
其直鏈化合物是正己烷CH3(CH2)4CH3
2、找出己烷的同分異構體的步驟
(1) 將分子中全部碳原子連成直鏈做為母鏈:
C—C—C—C—C—C
(2) 從母鏈一端取下一個碳原子做為支鏈(即甲基),依次連在主鏈中心對稱線一側的各個碳原子上,此時碳架有兩種:
注意:不能連在①位和⑤位上,否則會使碳鏈變長,②位和④位等效,只能用一個,否則重複。
(3) 從母鏈上取下兩個碳原子作為一個支鏈(即乙基)或兩個支鏈(即2個甲基)依次連在主鏈中心對稱線一側的各個碳原子上,此時碳架結構有兩種:(如下圖)
兩種碳架結構 兩種碳架結構
②位或③位上不能連乙基,否則會使主鏈上有5個碳原子,使主鏈變長。
所以C6H14的同分異構體為: [1-2]  [3] 
C6H14的同分異構體 C6H14的同分異構體
CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH2—CH3(如上圖)
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