間接引語

直接引語是與間接引語相對的語法概念。

內容如：小明説：“我是個學生”

直接引語可表述為：“小明説：‘我是個學生’”

間接引語可表述為：“小明説他是個學生。”

引述或轉述別人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用別人的原話，兩邊用引號“ ”標出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉述別人的話，不需要引號的叫做間接引語，實際上間接引語大都是賓語從句（其中由祈使句轉換的間接引語除外，其轉換後是不定式）。那麼直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句，轉換為間接引語時，句子的結構，人稱、時態、時間狀語和地點狀語等都要有變化，如何變化呢?

直接引語

（DirectSpeech）：當引用別人的話語時，若引用的是原話，被引用的部分叫直接引語。

間接引語

（IndirectSpeech）：當引用別人的話語時，也可以用自己的話把意思轉述出來，這種轉述的別人説話的部分叫作間接引語。

典型例句：

She said,”I like English very much.“（直接引語）

（她説：“我非常喜歡英語”。）

She said she liked English very much.（間接引語）

（她説她非常喜歡英語。）

1)直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉換為第三人稱，如：

He said，“I am very sorry.”

→He said that he was very sorry.

2)直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉述人説的,轉換為第一人稱，如：

“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.

→My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3)直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對第三人稱説的，轉換成第三人稱。如：

She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”

→She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4)人稱的轉換包括人稱代詞、反身代詞、物主代詞等，如：

He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”

→He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

總之，人稱的轉換不是固定的，具體情況，具體對待，要符合邏輯。

5)為了方便記憶 有個口訣：一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新。

另有：一隨主，二隨賓，三不變。指的都是從句（間接引語）人稱的變化。

直接引語改為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時，從句（即間接引語部分）的謂語動詞在時態方面要作相應的變化，變成過去時範疇的各種時態（實際也是賓語從句的時態要求），變化如下：

指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和動詞的變化：

注意：情態動詞的時態轉換：

例如：

“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.

→She said she was very glad to visit our school.

“我能參觀你的學校非常高興。“她説。

→她説她很高興參觀我們的學校。

Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”

→Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

湯姆説，“我們正在聽流行音樂。”

→湯姆説他們正在聽流行音樂。

Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?”

→Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

媽媽問，“你在你看電視之前完成你的家庭作業嗎？“

→母親問我是否在我看電視之前完成我的作業。

He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?”

→He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

他問售票員，“我應該在哪兒下車換乘3路公共汽車？“

→他問售票員，他應該在哪兒下車換乘3路公共汽車。

“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.

→The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

“她為什麼拒絕去那裏？“老師問。

→老師問她為什麼拒絕去那裏。

Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”

→Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.

湯姆説，“我們昨天的這個時候正在進行一場足球比賽。”

→湯姆説他們前一天正在進行一場足球比賽的。

He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.”

→He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.

他説，“這些天我沒有收到我父母的來信。”

→他説這些天他沒有收到我父母的來信。

She said, "He always feels tired."

→She said (that) he always feels tired.

她説，“他總是感到累。”

她説他總是覺得累。

直接引語變成間接引語時，從句時態無須改變的情況：

1)當主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時的時候，如：

He always says, “I am tired out.”

→He always says that he is tired out.

2)當主句的謂語動詞是將來時的時候，如：

He will say, “I'll try my best to help you.”

→He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3)當直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時間狀語時，如：

He said, “I went to college in 1994.”

→He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4)當直接引語中有以when, while引導的從句，表示過去的時間時，如：

He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.”

→He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5)當直接引語是客觀真理或自然現象時，如：

Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”

→Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6)當引語是諺語、格言時，如：

He said，“Practice makes perfect.”

→He said that practice makes perfect.

7)當直接引語中有情態動詞should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used t-o, need時，如：

例如：

The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.”

→The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.

He said, “She must be a teacher.”

→ He said that she must be a teacher.

He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”

→He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”

→The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.

She asked, “Must I take the medicine?”

→ She asked if she had to take the medicine.

〔注〕：此處用had to代替must更好

8)此外轉述中的變化要因實際情況而定，不能機械照搬，如果當地轉述，here不必改為there, 動詞come不必改為go，如果當天轉述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改變。如：

Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor?

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

地點狀語及某些對比性的指示代詞和動詞變化：

1)指示代詞：these 變成those

2)地點狀語：here變成there

She said, “I won't come here any more.”

→ She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..

3)動詞：come變成go，bring變成take

①直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應改為由that引導的賓語從句。如：

She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."

→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

②直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應改為由whether或if引導的賓語從句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?"

→He asked John if he could swim.

"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked.

→My mother asked me whether I ha-d finished the homework.

"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?"

→He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

③直接引語如果是特殊問句，間接引語應該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導的賓語從句（賓語從句必須用陳述句語序）。

She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"

→ She asked me when they had their dinner.

④直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應改為"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：

"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children.

→She told (ordered) the children not to make any noi-se. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.

→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

⑤直接引語如果是以“Let‘s”開頭的祈使句，變為間接引語時，通常用“suggest +動名詞（或從句）。”如：

He said, "Let’s go to the film."

→He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to s-ee the film.

引述別人的話有兩種方式：一是使用引號引出人家的原話，這叫做直接引語；一是用自己的話把人家的話轉述出來，這叫做間接引語。例如：

John said, "I’m going to London with my father."

約翰説："我要和父親到倫敦去。"（引號內是直接引語）

John said that he was going to London with his father.

約翰説，他要和他父親去倫敦。（賓語從句是間接引語）

變人稱：

“一隨主”是指在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語是第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾。從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化如：

She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.

“二隨賓”是指直接引語變間接引語時，若從句中的主語及賓語是第二人稱。或被第二人你所修飾。從句中的人稱要跟引號外的主句的賓語一致。如果引號外的主句沒有賓語。也可以用第一人稱，如：

He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。

“第三人稱不更新”是指直接引語變間接引語時。如果從句中的主語及賓語是第三人稱或被第三人稱所修飾從句中的人稱一般不需要變化如：

Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。

變時態：

直接引語在改為間接引語時、時態需要做相應的調整。

現在時它需改為過去時態；過去時態改為完成時；過去完成時則保留原來的時態。如：

1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen

2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.

3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"

→She said he would go to see his friend。

但要注意在以下幾種情況下。在直接引語變為間接引語時，時態一般不變化。

①直接引語是客觀真理。

The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me.

→ The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。

②直接引語是過去進行時，時態不變。如：

Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"

→Jack asked John where he was g-oing when he met him in the street。

③直接引語中有具體的過去某年、某月、某日作狀語，變為間接引語時，時態不變。如：

Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 21, 1980。"

→Xiao Wang said he was born on April 21, 1980。

④直接引語如果是一般現在時。表示一種反覆出現或習慣性的動作，變間接引語，時態不變。如：

He said, "I get up at six every morning。"

→He said he gets up at six every morning。

⑤如果直接引語中的情態動詞沒有過去時的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to )和已經是過去時的形式時，(例：could, should, would, might)不再變。如：

Peter said. "You had better come have today。"

→Peter said I had better go there that day。

變狀語：

直接引語變間接引語，狀語變化有其內在規則，時間狀語由“現在”改為“原來”（例：now變為then, yest-erday。變為 the day before)地點狀語(分具體情況)，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代詞修飾的狀語，由“此”改為“彼” (例：this 改為that),如：

He said, "These books are mine."

→He said those books were his.