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蒿屬
鎖定
下級共有498個物種。主產亞洲、歐洲及北美洲的温帶、寒温帶及亞熱帶地區,少數種分佈到亞洲南部熱帶地區及非洲北部、東部、南部及中美洲和大洋洲地區。
中國有186種,44變種,隸屬於2亞屬,7組中;遍佈全國。
蒿屬形態特徵
莖
一、二年生或多年生草本,少數為半灌木或小灌木;常有濃烈的揮發性香氣。根狀莖粗或細小,直立、斜上升或旬地,常有營養枝;莖直立,單生,少數或多數,叢生,具明顯的縱稜;分枝長或短,稀不分枝;莖、枝、葉及頭狀花序的總苞片常被蛛絲狀的綿毛,或為柔毛、粘質的柔毛、腺毛,稀無毛或部分無毛。
[2]
葉
花
頭狀花序小,多數或少數,半球形、球形、卵球形、橢圓形、長圓形,具短梗或無梗,基部常有小苞葉,稀無小苞葉,在莖或分枝上排成疏鬆或密集的穗狀花序,或穗狀花序式的總狀花序或復頭狀花序。柱頭具睫毛及小瘤點,稀無睫毛,子房特點同雌花的子房;不孕育兩性花的雌蕊退化,花柱極短,先端不叉開,退化子房小或不存在。瘦果小,卵形、倒卵形或長圓狀倒卵形,無冠毛,稀具不對稱的冠狀突起,果壁外具明顯或不明顯的縱紋,無毛,稀微被疏毛。種子1枚。
[2]
蒿屬生長環境
蒿屬分佈範圍
蒿屬主要價值
多數種類含揮發油、脂肪、有機酸及生物鹼,主要成分為聚乙炔類(polyacetylenes)、黃酮類(f lavonoids) 、萜類(terpenoids)及其化合物,如倍半萜內醋類(sesquiterpene lactones)等,少數種還含氰苷類 (cyanogenic glycosides) 、黃酮醇苷類 (f lavonol) 、香豆素類(coumarin) 、垂體後葉催產激素 (oxytocin)類物質及干擾素誘導體等。
[1]
許多種類入藥,為重要或常用的消炎、止血、温經、解表、抗瘧及利膽用藥或艾灸用;少數種供食用;分佈草原及草甸地區的許多種類作牲畜飼料;在荒漠或半荒漠地區生長的若干灌木或半灌木種類其根系粗大、深長,莖、枝萌櫱力強,耐乾旱、鹽鹼,作防風、固沙的先鋒植物或為輔助性的植物。
[1]
蒿屬異型異名
Abrotanum Duhamel in Traité Arbr. Arbust. 1: 19 (1755)
Absinthium Mill. in Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4.: [s.p.] (1754)
Artanacetum (Rzazade) Rzazade in Dokl. Akad. Nauk Azerbaidzhansk. S.S.R. 12(4): 285 (1956)
Artemisiastrum Rydb. in N.L.Britton & al. (eds.), N. Amer. Fl. 34(3): 285 (1916)
Artemisiella Ghafoor in Candollea 47: 636 (1992)
Chamartemisia Rydb. in N.L.Britton & al. (eds.), N. Amer. Fl. 34(3): 242 (1916)
Draconia Heist. ex Fabr. in Enum. Meth. Pl.: 89 (1759)
Dracunculus Ledeb. in Fl. Ross. 2: 566 (1845), pro syn.
Mausolea Bunge ex Poljakov in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 26: 631 (1961)
Oligosporus Cass. in Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1817: 33 (1817)
Picrothamnus Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 7: 417 (1841)
Seriphidium (Besser ex Less.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, ser. 2, 17: 89 (1869)
Sphaeromeria Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n.s., 7: 401 (1841)
Turaniphytum Poljakov in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 26: 632, 880 (1961)
蒿屬下級亞屬
蒿屬蒿亞屬
蒿屬龍蒿亞屬
蒿屬下級組
蒿屬蒔蘿蒿組
蒿屬艾蒿組
學名:Sect. Abrotanum,頭狀花序通常球形,稀少半球形或卵球形;葉的小裂片狹線形、狹線狀棒形或狹線狀披針形,通常寬不及1毫米,稀達1.5毫米,或葉的小裂片為櫛齒形,長、寬均在5毫米以下。
[2]
蒿屬艾組
學名:Sect. Artemisia,頭狀花序橢圓形、長圓球形或長卵球形,稀半球形、近球形或卵鐘形;葉的小裂片為寬線形、線狀披針形、橢圓形或為缺裂,寬1.5- 2毫米以上,或葉不分裂,邊全緣或具小鋸齒或淺裂齒。
[2]
蒿屬腺毛蒿組
學名:Sect. Viscidipubes,植株有明顯的腺毛或粘毛,或僅莖、枝與葉背面具明顯的腺毛,而外、中層總苞片無腺毛,草質,有時背面被絨毛或柔毛,具綠色中肋,邊緣膜質;頭狀花序基部具明顯的小苞葉。
[2]
蒿屬白苞蒿組
蒿屬龍蒿組
學名:Sect. Dracunculus,葉的小裂片狹線形、狹線狀披針形或近鑽形,寬1.5毫米以下,或小裂片櫛齒形,長、寬 (1-)1.5-2(-2.5) 毫米或葉不分裂,為披針形或線狀披針形,偶有3深裂之葉,或間有1-2枚細狹的側裂片;退化子房細小,稀少不存在。
[2]
蒿屬牡蒿組
學名:Sect. Latilobus,葉的小裂片略寬,為寬線形、線狀披針形、橢圓形、披針形或為齒裂、缺裂等,寬 (1.5-) 2毫米以上,或葉匙形,或倒卵形,先端具鋸齒或淺裂齒,邊全緣;退化子房通常不存在,稀少細小。
[2]
蒿屬下級物種
蒿屬原生物種
正名 | 學名 |
---|---|
Artemisia abaensis Y.R.Ling & S.Y.Zhao | |
Artemisia aksaiensis Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia nakaii Pamp. | |
Artemisia disjuncta Krasch. | |
Artemisia caespitosa Ledeb. | |
Artemisia lancea Vaniot | |
Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot | |
Artemisia keiskeana Miq. | |
Artemisia atrovirens Hand.-Mazz. | |
Artemisia baxoiensis B.H.Jiao & T.G.Gao | |
Artemisia bargusinensis Spreng. | |
Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC. | |
Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm. | |
白沙蒿 | Artemisia stelleriana Besser |
Artemisia blepharolepis Bunge | |
Artemisia lagocephala (Fisch. ex Besser) DC. | |
Artemisia leucophylla C.B.Clarke | |
Artemisia baimaensis Y.R.Ling & Z.C.Chuo | |
Artemisia vulgaris L. | |
Artemisia fukudo Makino | |
Artemisia littoricola Kitam. | |
Artemisia glacialis L. | |
Artemisia tafelii Mattf. | |
Artemisia younghusbandii J.R.Drumm. ex Pamp. | |
Artemisia vexans Pamp. | |
Artemisia nortonii Pamp. | |
Artemisia waltonii J.R.Drumm. ex Pamp. | |
Artemisia thellungiana Pamp. | |
Artemisia prattii (Pamp.) Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia deversa Diels | |
Artemisia divaricata (Pamp.) Pamp. | |
Artemisia zayuensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia orientalixizangensis Y.R.Ling & Humphries | |
Artemisia schmidtiana Maxim. | |
Artemisia hedinii Ostenf. | |
Artemisia tainingensis Hand.-Mazz. | |
Artemisia rosthornii Pamp. | |
Artemisia occidentalisichuanensis Y.R.Ling & S.Y.Zhao | |
Artemisia robusta (Pamp.) Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia macrocephala Jacquem. ex Besser | |
Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd. | |
Artemisia herba-alba Asso | |
Artemisia orientaliyunnanensis Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia austroyunnanensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia minor Jacquem. ex Besser | |
Artemisia manshurica (Kom.) Kom. | |
Artemisia adamsii Besser | |
Artemisia orientalihengduangensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia maximovicziana Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia stracheyi Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke | |
Artemisia obtusiloba Ledeb. | |
Artemisia myriantha Wall. ex Besser | |
Artemisia emeiensis Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. | |
Artemisia tangutica Pamp. | |
Artemisia przewalskii Krasch. | |
Artemisia gansuensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia polybotryoidea Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia brachyphylla Kitam. | |
Artemisia comaiensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling | |
Artemisia oligocarpa Hayata | |
Artemisia gongshanensis Y.R.Ling & Humphries | |
Artemisia oxycephala Kitag. | |
Artemisia fauriei Nakai | |
Artemisia hanwulaensis Y.Z.Zhao | |
Artemisia phaeolepis Krasch. | |
黑蒿 | Artemisia palustris L. |
黑沙蒿 | Artemisia ordosica Krasch. |
紅足蒿 | Artemisia rubripes Nakai |
華北米蒿 | Artemisia giraldii Pamp. |
華西蒿 | Artemisia occidentalisinensis Y.R.Ling |
荒野蒿 | Artemisia campestris L. |
黃花蒿 | Artemisia annua L. |
黃金蒿 | Artemisia aurata Kom. |
黃綠蒿 | Artemisia xanthochroa Krasch. |
黃毛蒿 | Artemisia velutina Pamp. |
灰苞蒿 | Artemisia roxburghiana Besser |
灰綠蒿 | Artemisia glauca Pall. ex Willd. |
灰巖蒿 | Artemisia calcicola X.Q.Guo & L.Wang |
吉隆蒿 | Artemisia jilongensis Y.R.Ling & Humphries |
吉塘蒿 | Artemisia gyitangensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
加那利蒿 | Artemisia thuscula Cav. |
加州蒿 | Artemisia californica Less. |
假球蒿 | Artemisia globosoides Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
尖裂葉蒿 | Artemisia incisa Pamp. |
尖櫛齒葉蒿 | Artemisia medioxima Krasch. ex Poljakov |
堅沙蒿 | Artemisia rigida (Nutt.) A.Gray |
鹼蒿 | Artemisia anethifolia Weber ex Stechm. |
江孜蒿 | Artemisia gyangzeensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
絹毛蒿 | Artemisia sericea (Besser) Weber ex Stechm. |
寬葉蒿 | Artemisia latifolia Ledeb. |
魁蒿 | Artemisia princeps Pamp. |
崑崙蒿 | Artemisia nanschanica Krasch. |
崑崙沙蒿 | Artemisia saposhnikovii Krasch. ex Poljakov |
雷瓊牡蒿 | Artemisia hancei (Pamp.) Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
冷蒿 | Artemisia frigida Willd. |
亮苞蒿 | Artemisia forrestii W.W.Sm. |
亮蒿 | Artemisia fulgens Pamp. |
遼東蒿 | Artemisia verbenacea (Kom.) Kitag. |
裂葉蒿 | Artemisia tanacetifolia L. |
林艾蒿 | Artemisia viridissima (Kom.) Pamp. |
柳葉蒿 | Artemisia integrifolia L. |
龍蒿 | Artemisia dracunculus L. |
蔞蒿 | Artemisia selengensis Turcz. ex Besser |
綠苞蒿 | Artemisia viridisquama Kitam. |
綠櫛齒葉蒿 | Artemisia freyniana (Pamp.) Krasch. |
毛蓮蒿 | Artemisia vestita Wall. ex Besser |
美葉蒿 | Artemisia calophylla Pamp. |
蒙古蒿 | Artemisia mongolica (Fisch. ex Besser) Nakai |
蒙古沙地蒿 | Artemisia klementzae Krasch. |
米蒿 | Artemisia dalai-lamae Krasch. |
密腺毛蒿 | Artemisia viscidissima Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
綿頭奇蒿 | Artemisia lanaticapitula X.F.Jin, Z.H.Chen & Y.F.Lu |
牡蒿 | Artemisia japonica Thunb. |
木斯塘蒿 | Artemisia mustangensis Yonek. |
南毛蒿 | Artemisia chingii Pamp. |
南牡蒿 | Artemisia eriopoda Bunge |
南亞蒿 | Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp. |
內蒙古旱蒿 | Artemisia xerophytica Krasch. |
黏毛蒿 | Artemisia mattfeldii Pamp. |
牛尾蒿 | Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser |
怒江蒿 | Artemisia nujianensis (Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling) Y.R.Ling |
彭錯蒿 | Artemisia pengchuoensis Y.R.Ling & S.Y.Zhao |
皮德蒙特蒿 | Artemisia pedemontana Balb. |
奇蒿 | Artemisia anomala S.Moore |
歧莖蒿 | Artemisia igniaria Maxim. |
千山蒿 | Artemisia chienshanica Y.Ling & W.Wang |
秦嶺蒿 | Artemisia qinlingensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
青蒿 | Artemisia caruifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. |
青河絹蒿 | Artemisia qingheensis G.Z.Jin |
球花蒿 | Artemisia smithii Mattf. |
驅蛔蒿 | Artemisia maritima L. |
日喀則蒿 | Artemisia xigazeensis Y.R.Ling & M.G.Gilbert |
絨毛蒿 | Artemisia campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke |
柔毛蒿 | Artemisia pubescens Ledeb. |
肉質葉蒿 | Artemisia succulentoides Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
三齒蒿 | Artemisia tridentata Nutt. |
傘形蒿 | Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. |
沙蒿 | Artemisia desertorum Spreng. |
山艾 | Artemisia kawakamii Hayata |
山地蒿 | Artemisia montana (Nakai) Pamp. |
山蒿 | Artemisia brachyloba Franch. |
山龍蒿 | Artemisia genipi Stechm. |
商南蒿 | Artemisia shangnanensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
神農架蒿 | Artemisia shennongjiaensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
濕地蒿 | Artemisia tournefortiana Rchb. |
蒔蘿蒿 | Artemisia anethoides Mattf. |
絲葉沙蒿 | Artemisia filifolia Torr. |
四川艾 | Artemisia sichuanensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
蘇聯肉質葉蒿 | Artemisia succulenta Ledeb. |
台灣狹葉艾 | Artemisia somae Hayata |
兔腳蒿 | Artemisia lagopus Fisch. ex Besser |
烏丹蒿 | Artemisia wudanica Liou & W.Wang |
五月艾 | Artemisia indica Willd. |
西北蒿 | Artemisia pontica L. |
西南大頭蒿 | Artemisia speciosa (Pamp.) Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
西南牡蒿 | Artemisia parviflora Roxb. ex D.Don |
西南圓頭蒿 | Artemisia neosinensis B.H.Jiao & T.G.Gao |
細杆沙蒿 | Artemisia macilenta (Maxim.) Krasch. |
細裂葉蓮蒿 | Artemisia stechmanniana Besser |
細葉山艾 | Artemisia morrisonensis Hayata |
狹裂白蒿 | Artemisia kanashiroi Kitam. |
狹葉牡蒿 | Artemisia angustissima Nakai |
纖杆蒿 | Artemisia demissa Krasch. |
線葉蒿 | Artemisia subulata Nakai |
腺毛蒿 | Artemisia viscida Pamp. |
香葉蒿 | Artemisia rutifolia Stephan ex Spreng. |
湘贛艾 | Artemisia gilvescens Miq. |
小亮苞蒿 | Artemisia mairei H.Lév. |
小木艾 | Artemisia arborescens L. |
小球花蒿 | Artemisia moorcroftiana Wall. ex DC. |
鏽苞蒿 | Artemisia imponens Pamp. |
雪山艾 | Artemisia tsugitakaensis (Kitam.) Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
亞東蒿 | Artemisia yadongensis Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
亞洲大花蒿 | Artemisia macrantha Ledeb. |
巖蒿 | Artemisia rupestris L. |
鹽蒿 | Artemisia halodendron Turcz. ex Besser |
葉苞蒿 | Artemisia phyllobotrys (Hand.-Mazz.) Y.Ling & Y.R.Ling |
伊朗蒿 | Artemisia persica Boiss. |
陰地蒿 | Artemisia sylvatica Maxim. |
茵陳蒿 | Artemisia capillaris Thunb. |
銀蒿 | Artemisia austriaca Jacq. |
銀沙蒿 | Artemisia cana Pursh |
銀葉艾 | Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. |
銀葉蒿 | Artemisia argyrophylla Ledeb. |
有潤蒿 | Artemisia lingyeouruennii L.M.Shultz & Boufford |
玉山艾 | Artemisia niitakayamensis Hayata |
圓頭蒿 | Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. |
雲南蒿 | Artemisia yunnanensis Jeffrey |
掌裂蒿 | Artemisia kuschakewiczii C.Winkl. |
直莖蒿 | Artemisia stricta Edgew. |
指裂蒿 | Artemisia tridactyla Hand.-Mazz. |
中甸艾 | Artemisia zhongdianensis Y.R.Ling |
中南蒿 | Artemisia simulans Pamp. |
中亞旱蒿 | Artemisia marschalliana Spreng. |
中亞苦蒿 | Artemisia absinthium L. |
豬毛蒿 | Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. |
準噶爾沙蒿 | Artemisia songarica Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. |
祖尼蒿 | Artemisia carruthii Alph.Wood ex J.H.Carruth |
暫無正名 | Artemisia nivalis Braun-Blanq. |
Artemisia norvegica Fr. | |
Artemisia nova A.Nelson | |
Artemisia nutans Willd. | |
Artemisia nuttallii (Torr. & A.Gray) Mosyakin, L.M.Shultz & G.V.Boiko | |
Artemisia oelandica (Besser) Krasch. | |
Artemisia olchonensis Leonova | |
Artemisia oliveriana J.Gay ex Besser | |
Artemisia oranensis Deb. ex Filatova | |
Artemisia ornithopoda Charit. | |
Artemisia packardiae J.W.Grimes & Ertter | |
Artemisia pallens Wall. ex Besser | |
Artemisia palmeri A.Gray | |
Artemisia pancicii Ronniger ex Danihelka & Marhold | |
Artemisia pannosa Krasch. | |
Artemisia papposa S.F.Blake & Cronquist | |
Artemisia pauciflora Weber ex Stechmann | |
Artemisia pedatifida Nutt. | |
Artemisia pedunculosa Miq. | |
Artemisia pewzowi C.Winkl. | |
Artemisia pineticola Kupr. | |
Artemisia porrecta Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia porteri Cronquist | |
Artemisia potentilloides A.Gray | |
Artemisia pringlei Greenm. | |
Artemisia prolixa Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia punctigera Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia pycnocephala (Less.) DC. | |
Artemisia pycnorrhiza Ledeb. | |
Artemisia pygmaea A.Gray | |
Artemisia quettensis Podlech | |
Artemisia quinqueloba Trautv. | |
Artemisia radicans Kupr. | |
Artemisia ramosa C.Sm. ex Link | |
Artemisia remosa Sugaw. | |
Artemisia remotiloba Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia reptans C.Sm. | |
Artemisia rhodantha Rupr. | |
Artemisia richardsoniana Besser | |
Artemisia rothrockii A.Gray | |
Artemisia ruthiae (A.H.Holmgren, L.M.Shultz & Lowrey) Sòn.Garcia, Garnatje, McArthur, Pellicer, S.C.Sand | |
Artemisia saharae Pomel | |
Artemisia saissanica (Krasch.) Filatova | |
Artemisia saitoana Kitam. | |
Artemisia salsoloides Willd. | |
Artemisia samoiedorum Pamp. | |
Artemisia santolina Schrenk | |
Artemisia santonicum L. | |
Artemisia saurensis Kupr. | |
Artemisia sawanensis (Y.R.Ling & Humphries) ined. | |
Artemisia schimperi Sch.Bip. ex Engl. | |
Artemisia schrenkiana Ledeb. | |
Artemisia scopiformis Ledeb. | |
Artemisia scopulorum A.Gray | |
Artemisia scotina Nevski | |
Artemisia semiarida (Krasch. & Lavrenko) Filatova | |
Artemisia senjavinensis Besser | |
Artemisia serrata Nutt. | |
Artemisia sieberi Besser | |
Artemisia simplex (A.Nelson) Sòn.Garcia, Garnatje, McArthur, Pellicer, S.C.Sand | |
Artemisia sinanensis Y.Yabe | |
Artemisia skorniakovii C.Winkl. | |
Artemisia sodiroi Hieron. | |
Artemisia spiciformis Osterh. | |
Artemisia spicigera K.Koch | |
Artemisia spinescens D.C.Eaton | |
Artemisia splendens Willd. | |
Artemisia stenocephala Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia stipularis Urb. & Ekman | |
Artemisia subarctica Krasch. | |
Artemisia subchrysolepis Filatova | |
Artemisia sublessingiana (B.Keller) Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia subsalsa Filatova | |
Artemisia suksdorfii Piper | |
Artemisia swatensis Podlech | |
Artemisia szowitziana (Besser) Grossh. | |
Artemisia taurica Willd. | |
Artemisia tecti-mundi Podlech | |
Artemisia tenuisecta Nevski | |
Artemisia terrae-albae Krasch. | |
Artemisia thomsoniana (C.B.Clarke) Filatova | |
Artemisia tianschanica Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. | |
Artemisia tilhoana Quézel | |
Artemisia tomentella Trautv. | |
Artemisia transbaicalensis Leonova | |
Artemisia transiliensis Poljakov | |
Artemisia trautvetteriana Besser | |
Artemisia tripartita Rydb. | |
Artemisia tukuchaensis Kitam. | |
Artemisia turanica Krasch. | |
Artemisia turcomanica Gand. | |
Artemisia umbrosa (Besser) Turcz. ex Verl. | |
Artemisia vachanica Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia valida Krasch. ex Poljakov | |
Artemisia vallesiaca All. | |
Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte | |
Artemisia viridis Willd. ex DC. | |
Artemisia woodii (Neilson) C.W.Riggins | |
Artemisia yamadae (Kitam.) Hideki Takah. & Barkalov | |
Artemisia yongii Y.R.Ling | |
蒿屬自然雜交物種
Artemisia × burnatii F.O.Wolf
Artemisia × christii Besse
Artemisia × fragosoana Font Quer
Artemisia × heribaudii Sennen
Artemisia × hybrida F.Dvořák
Artemisia × mixta Foucaud
Artemisia × subsericea (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy
Artemisia × wolfii Petitm.
- 參考資料
-
- 1. 蒿屬 .中科院昆明植物所[引用日期2012-11-13]
- 2. 蒿屬 Artemisia|iPlant 植物智——植物物種信息系統 .植物智[引用日期2023-02-08]
- 3. Artemisia L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science .Plants Of The World Online[引用日期2024-03-08]