大學物理實驗

本書是依據教育部高等學校物理基礎課程教學指導分委員會制定的“理工科類大學物理實驗課程教學基本要求”編寫的通識課程教材，體現新工科建設的成果。 突出對學生基本能力的訓練和創新思維、創新方法、創新能力的培養，內容涵蓋測量誤差與數據處理的基本知識、基礎性實驗、綜合性及應用性實驗、演示實驗、大型儀器實驗、計算機仿真實驗等，共6個部分。

緒論 ···············································································································.1

第1 章 測量誤差與數據處理的基本知識 ·······························································.7

1.1 測量與有效數字 ···················································································.7

1.2 誤差分類與處理 ···················································································.9

1.3 測量不確定度的估算 ············································································.12

1.4 實驗數據的處理方法 ············································································.17

第2 章 基礎性實驗 ··························································································22

2.0 預備知識 ···························································································.22

2.0.1 力學預備知識 ············································································.22

2.0.2 電磁學預備知識 ·········································································.26

2.0.3 光學預備知識 ············································································.32

2.1 拉伸法測定金屬材料的楊氏模量 ·····························································.35

2.2 氣墊導軌實驗 ·····················································································.39

2.3 扭擺法測定物體的轉動慣量 ···································································.45

2.4 三線擺法測定物體的轉動慣量 ································································.49

2.5 氣體比熱容比的測定 ············································································.53

2.6 穩恆電流場模擬靜電場 ·········································································.56

2.7 電錶改裝及校準 ··················································································.61

2.8 直流電橋測電阻 ··················································································.65

2.9 雙臂電橋測低值電阻 ············································································.70

2.10 示波器的原理和應用 ···········································································.75

2.11 聲速的測量 ·······················································································.82

2.12 鐵磁材料的磁化曲線和磁滯回線的測量 ···················································.86

2.13 霍爾效應的原理與應用 ········································································.92

2.14 電磁感應法測量磁場分佈 ···································································.101

2.15 温度傳感器的原理與應用 ···································································.107

2.16 波爾共振 ························································································.112

2.17 光的等厚干涉 ··················································································.118

2.18 邁克爾遜干涉儀的調節和使用 ·····························································.123

2.19 分光計的調整及光柵衍射 ···································································.128

2.20 導熱係數的測定 ···············································································.136

2.21 PN 結特性和玻爾茲曼常數的測定 ························································.142

第3 章 綜合性及應用性實驗 ···········································································.149

3.1 PASCO 動力學實驗 ············································································.149

3.1.1 碰撞中的動量守恆 ····································································.149

3.1.2 斜面上的振動 ··········································································.151

3.2 固體線膨脹係數的測定 ·······································································.155

3.3 PASCO 基礎光學實驗 ·········································································.157

3.3.1 光的單縫衍射 ··········································································.157

3.3.2 光的雙縫干涉 ··········································································.159

3.4 電介質介電常數的測定 ·······································································.161

3.5 密立根油滴實驗 ················································································.163

3.6 弗蘭克—赫茲實驗 ·············································································.167

3.7 光電效應測普朗克常數 ·······································································.172

3.8 玻璃折射率的測定 ·············································································.178

3.9 太陽能電池特性的研究 ·······································································.180

3.10 多普勒效應綜合實驗 ·········································································.185

3.11 理想真空二極管綜合實驗 ···································································.189

3.11.1 金屬電子逸出功的測定 ···························································.189

3.11.2 電子在徑向電場和軸向磁場中的運動（磁控法測量電子荷質比） ·····.194

3.11.3 費米—狄拉克分佈的研究 ························································.199

3.11.4 理想真空二極管的伏安特性 ·····················································.203

3.12 傳感器綜合實驗 ···············································································.205

3.12.1 直流激勵時霍爾傳感器的位移特性實驗 ······································.205

3.12.2 霍爾傳感器的測速實驗 ···························································.207

3.12.3 鉑熱敏電阻温度特性測試實驗 ··················································.208

3.13 表面等離子體共振實驗 ······································································.210

3.14 超聲光柵 ························································································.213

第4 章 演示實驗 ··························································································.217

4.1 傅科擺·····························································································.217

4.2 科里奧利力 ······················································································.218

4.3 彈性碰撞球 ······················································································.218

4.4 飛機升力 ·························································································.219

4.5 滾柱式轉動慣量 ················································································.220

4.6 茹可夫斯基凳 ···················································································.221

4.7 直升機角動量 ···················································································.222

4.8 角動量守恆轉枱 ················································································.222

4.9 昆特管·····························································································.223

4.10 共振演示 ························································································.224

4.11 拍的合成 ························································································.225

4.12 看得見的聲波 ··················································································.226

4.13 記憶合金水車 ··················································································.226

4.14 斯特林熱機 ·····················································································.227

4.15 雙向翻轉伽爾頓板 ············································································.228

4.16 神奇的輝光球 ··················································································.229

4.17 神奇的輝光盤 ··················································································.229

4.18 手觸電池 ························································································.230

4.19 靜電高壓 ························································································.231

4.20 雅各布天梯 ·····················································································.232

4.21 三相旋轉磁場 ··················································································.232

4.22 電磁炮 ···························································································.233

4.23 亥姆霍茲線圈 ··················································································.233

4.24 湯姆遜電磁鐵 ··················································································.234

4.25 能量轉換輪 ·····················································································.235

4.26 光學分形 ························································································.235

4.27 光學幻影 ························································································.236

4.28 電子火焰 ························································································.237

4.29 視覺暫留 ························································································.238

4.30 夢幻點陣 ························································································.239

4.31 留影板演示儀 ··················································································.239

4.32 神秘的普氏擺 ··················································································.240

4.33 互補色圖像 ·····················································································.241

4.34 台式皂膜 ························································································.242

4.35 偏振光干涉 ·····················································································.243

4.36 旋光色散 ························································································.244

4.37 光柵視鏡 ························································································.245

4.38 透射光柵變換畫 ···············································································.245

4.39 透射光柵立體畫 ···············································································.246

4.40 磁力轉盤 ························································································.247

4.41 激光琴 ···························································································.248

4.42 手搖發電 ························································································.249

4.43 無形的力 ························································································.249

4.44 空中成像 ························································································.250

4.45 穿牆而過 ························································································.251

4.46 窺視無窮 ························································································.252

4.47 一筆畫 ···························································································.253

4.48 液晶玻璃 ························································································.254

4.49 會導電的布 ·····················································································.255

4.50 意念彎勺 ························································································.256

4.51 太陽能發電 ·····················································································.257

4.52 錐體上滾 ························································································.258

4.53 看誰滾得快 ·····················································································.259

4.54 聽話的小球 ·····················································································.260

4.55 小球的足跡 ·····················································································.261

4.56 曲柄滑塊機構 ··················································································.262

4.57 常用減速機構 ··················································································.263

4.58 槽輪機構 ························································································.264

4.59 異形齒輪 ························································································.265

4.60 最速降線 ························································································.266

4.61 雙曲狹縫 ························································································.267

4.62 方輪車 ···························································································.268

4.63 滾出直線 ························································································.269

4.64 紅外熱像儀 ·····················································································.270

第5 章 大型儀器實驗 ····················································································.272

5.1 原子力顯微鏡 ···················································································.272

5.2 熱重分析 ·························································································.277

5.3 傅里葉紅外光譜儀 ·············································································.279

5.4 共焦拉曼光譜儀 ················································································.282

5.5 紫外可見吸收光譜 ·············································································.284

5.6 穩態—瞬態熒光壽命光譜 ····································································.291

5.7 3D 激光掃描共聚焦顯微鏡 ···································································.295

5.8 X 射線衍射 ·······················································································.298

5.9 掃描隧道顯微鏡 ················································································.302

第6 章 計算機仿真實驗 ·················································································.307

6.1 仿真實驗軟件簡介 ·············································································.307

6.1.1 啓動平台 ················································································.307

6.1.2 基本操作 ················································································.309

6.1.3 仿真實驗項目 ··········································································.311

6.2 電子荷質比的測定 ·············································································.312

6.2.1 磁聚焦法測電子荷質比 ······························································.312

6.2.2 磁控管法測電子荷質比 ······························································.313

6.3 塞曼效應實驗 ···················································································.315

6.3.1 垂直磁場方向觀察塞曼分裂 ························································.315

6.3.2 平行磁場方向觀察塞曼分裂 ························································.318

6.4 虛擬仿真實驗中心 ·············································································.319

6.4.1 Pasco 組合光學虛擬仿真實驗 ······················································.320

6.4.2 傳感器虛擬仿真實驗 ·································································.320

6.4.3 近代物理仿真實驗 ····································································.322

參考文獻 ······································································································.324