默頓規範

1942年，默頓在《科學的規範結構》一文中，將科學共同體的內部行為規範概括為普遍主義、公有主義、無私利性和有條理的懷疑精神，以此凸顯科學所獨有的文化和精神氣質。1957年默頓又補充了獨創性這一規範。

1、普遍主義規範強調科學內容和科學評價標準的客觀性、普遍性

2、公有主義規範強調科學知識的公有性，強調科學知識是人類的共同財富。

3、無私利性規範要求科學家不應以科學活動謀取私利。

4、有條理的懷疑精神強調科學永恆的批判精神

5、獨創性規範要求科學家只有發現了前人未發現的東西，做出了前人未曾做出的成果，其工作才會被認為對 科學的發展具有實質性的意義。

針對以上爭論點，文章從默頓規範的社會學理論基礎與哲學基礎進行了剖析，並運用SSK的觀點對默頓規範的侷限性進行了説明。在對默頓規範侷限性進行分析的基礎上，文章認為應在科學實踐、科學哲學、科學社會學不斷髮展的新背景下對默頓規範進行再思考，並提出了一些新的看法。

In nineteen forty-two, Merton systematically articulated his theory of scientific ethos, he said communism universalism disinterestedness and organized skepticism constituted the norms of science, however, this theory arouse a lot of controversial, then how many controversial points appeared ? what is the causes of the controversial? How to treat these controversial in a objective and right way? This paper try to answer these questions in a hesitative manner.The controversial points are summarized as the following: whether these norms can impose real effects on the scientists or not; can these norms singly insure the prosperity of science; whether these norms peculiar owned by the science; can these norms fully describe the real picture of science; whether the of norms are convincing.The paper tries to analyze the reasons why the theory of scientific norms arise a lot of controversial, in addition, the paper describes the limitations of the theory with the perspective of SSK. in the last chapter, the paper propose that we should rethink of the theory in new perspective as the practice of science the philosophy of science and the sociology of science have developed to a new stage.

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