馬克·阿貝尼

馬克·阿貝尼馬克·阿貝尼（Mark Abene），1972年出生，是來自紐約的計算機黑客。曾經是黑客團伙“Legion of Doom”“Masters of Deception”的成員，1994年，被判處1年徒刑。他的圈內頭銜“Phiber Optik”比他的真名更有號召力。

主要成就：作為騙局大師集團的首領, Phiber Optik激勵了成千上萬的青少年“鑽研”國內電話系統的內部工作原理。為此一項聯邦裁決試圖以“散佈非法信息給其他黑客”為由判他入聯邦監獄一年, 但該項裁決最後不了了之。回家之日，眾多擁護者擁進了曼哈頓俱樂部出席向他致敬的“歸來聚會”。聚會後不久，紐約一雜誌將他作為100明最傑出的紐約青年予以表彰。

第一次接觸計算機：他母親工作的紐約奎恩的A&S 百貨公司電子部門。 在那裏他接觸到Apple II, Timex Sinclair和 Commodore 64。 他擁有的第一台電腦是Radio Shack TRS-80 （託什-80）型。

自己獨特的工具: 在電話接受器的撥號盤上做試驗。阿貝尼頻繁使用接受器，以至竟然不得不用黑色的電膠布把撥號盤綁住，以免脱落。

鮮為人知的事實: Phiber Optik’喜愛的食物: 肯塔基州炸雞裏的馬鈴薯泥。不是真正的馬鈴薯泥。 實際的馬鈴薯泥裏面有金絲鳥病。

目前的狀況:賓夕法尼亞州監獄出來之後, 馬克·阿貝尼為一家會計公司做漏洞檢驗，後成立過一家叫Crossbar（橫木）的安全公司（現在已經不存在了）。

Early life

Mark Abene's first contact with computers was at 10 or 11 years of age. After getting a modem, he got on CompuServe and shortly after came in contact with various BBSes. In a desire to explore, he connected to various computers.

馬克·阿貝尼

He became affiliated with the Legion of Doom (LOD), a loosely-knit group of BBS users interested in computers, in the late 1980s. Abene and other people in the LOD exchanged information about accessing others' computer systems.

At some point in 1989 or 1990, Phiber Optik's affiliations changed from the Legion of Doom to the rival group Masters of Deception as a result of a feud with LOD member Erik Bloodaxe. According to some sources (TLC, 2004), Phiber Optik was one of the founding members of MOD. However, according to the group's own history-writing (available in the form of 5 text files, see links), Phiber was not one of the initial members. Phiber joining up with Masters of Deception marked the beginning of the Great Hacker War, after several years of rivalry between the MOD and the LOD.

First arrest

In conjunction with the nationwide AT&T Telephone System Crash of 1990 in 1990, Abene's home was raided by the Secret Service on January 24. Secret Service agents permanently confiscated computer equipment and other belongings. According to some reports[citation needed], Phiber Optik and fellow MOD members Elias Ladopoulos ("Acid Phreak") and Paul Stira ("Scorpion"), were interrogated under the suspicion of causing the AT&T crash. Ultimately, no charges were filed along this line. AT&T also denied that hackers had anything to do with the crash, blaming a software error. However, the myth that the crash in reality was caused by MOD and LOD members was reflected in Joshua Quittner and Michelle Slatalla's Masters of Deception, and has lived on into the 21st century (Scott, 2002).

In February 1991, Abene was arrested and charged with Computer Tampering and Computer Trespass of the first degree, New York state offenses. He was also charged with a misdemeanor theft-of-service for a free-call scam to a 900 number. Mark Abene, who was a minor at the time, pleaded "not guilty" to the first two offenses and guilty to the misdemeanor and was Sentenced to 35 hours of community service. (Sterling, 1994)

Second arrest and indictment

Abene and four other members of the Masters of Deception were arrested again in December 1991 and indicted by a Manhattan federal grand jury on July 8, 1992 on an 11-count charge. At first, Abene — still a minor by a month — pleaded "not guilty", but later changed his plea to guilty on two felony counts.

The indictment relied heavily on evidence collected by court-approved wire tapping of telephone conversations between MOD members. According to a quotation by district attorney Obermaier, related by Newsbytes, it was the "first investigative use of court-authorized wiretaps to obtain conversations and data transmissions of computer hackers" in the US. (Such tactics had been used by the Australian Federal Police in 1990 to gain evidence for the prosecution of members of an Australian elite hacker community called The Realm.)

The two counts to which Abene PLED guilty were conspiracy and unauthorized access to computers of federal interest. A number of "overt acts" were described to support the counts. On count one (conspiracy), they claimed Abene was responsible for receiving login information for a computer system ("overt acts" k and r, s), and giving another member information on "how to call forward telephone numbers on a certain type of phone switching computer" (p). The first overt act was attributed to all five of the defendants, and accused them of causing damage to a computer system operated by Educational Broadcasting Corporation, leaving a message on the screen: "Happy Thanksgiving you turkeys from all of us at MOD". Count two (Unauthorized Access to Computers) was supported by claiming that MOD had accessed federal interest computers, destroying information in the process. It also covered illegitimately accessing Southwestern Bell computer systems. MOD and "others whom they aided and abetted" allegedly performed actions causing losses of approximately $370,000. (Grand jury indictment, 1992).

Trial and sentencing

According to a July 9, 1992 newsletter from the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the defendants could face a maximum term of 50 years in prison and fines of $2.5 million, if found guilty on all counts. Despite the fact that Abene was a minor at the time the crimes were allegedly committed, was only involved in a small fraction of the sub-charges, and often in a passive way, a plea arrangement resulted in by far the harshest sentence: 12 months imprisonment, three years probation and 600 hours of community service.

Hacker community protests

Many people inside and outside of the hacker world felt that "Phiber" was made an example of, and not judged according to earlier court standards. Mark Abene had gotten himself quite a name in the hacker sub-culture, for example appearing on the radio show Off The Hook, led by Eric Corley (a.k.a. Emmanuel Goldstein). At the time of the indictment and following trial, he was working at ECHO, a New York bulletin board system and pioneering ISP, as well as at MindVox, another ISP founded by LOD members.

ECHO users, ECHO themselves and hackers around the nation expected Abene to get off with probation or at most a few months of jail time. Co-defendants and previous offenders charged with "hacking" offences had received rather lenient punishments, and given his new-found enthusiasm for using his knowledge to do good the general feeling was optimistic prior to the sentencing.

馬克·阿貝尼A statement made by U.S. attorney Otto Obermeier in conjunction with the indication, "The message that ought to be delivered with this indictment is that such conduct will not be tolerated, irrespective of the age of the particular accused or their ostensible purpose." (Newsbytes, 1992), was interpreted by Abene's supporters to mean that MOD was made an example of, to show that the authorities could handle the perceived "hacker threat". During sentencing, Judge Stanton said that "the defendant stands as a symbol here today," and that "hacking crimes constitute a real threat to the expanding information highway.", reinforcing the view that a relatively-harmless "teacher", was judged as a symbol for all hackers (Dibbel, 1994 and Goldstein, 1993, 2001).

This clip is from a recording from the November 10, 1993 edition of the radio program Off The Hook. Emmanuel Goldstein (Eric Corley) and Phiber Optik (Mark Abene) express their concerns over the recent sentencing hearing.

Later life

After serving the one-year sentence at a federal prison in Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, Mark Abene was released in November 1994. After his return, a party called "Phiberphest '95" at a Manhattan nightclub was held in his honor. In TIME, Joshua Quittner called him "the first underground hero of the Information Age, the Robin Hood of cyberspace." For a time, he resumed his employment at ECHO, but later left to become system administrator of Radical Media, Inc., an up-and-coming emerging media company. After some consulting and speaking engagements on the subject of security, he was recruited by Steve Lutz at Ernst & Young, LLP as a staff consultant and with a small hand-picked group, jumpstarted E&Y's tiger team practice. After some years as a very successful security consultant, he joined forces with former Legion of Doom member Dave Buchwald and a third colleague, Andrew Brown, to create security consulting company Crossbar Security. Crossbar thrived for a number of years in that it provided the same realism in tiger teams and security reviews that had initially elevated E&Y's practice to such high demand. Crossbar provided info security services for a number of large corporations during its lifetime, during which the principals conducted business in the U.S., Japan, Brazil, and Sweden. As a result of the "dot com" bust, Crossbar ultimately went defunct in 2001, largely due to cuts in corporate security spending.

In September 2000, Abene briefly caused some stir in the security community, when he was turned down for employment by security firm @stake. The firm, which had merged with a company called L0pht Heavy Industries known for its many hacker employees a year earlier, asked him to join their New York office, apparently unaware of his past as a hacker. At a late stage, Mark was informed by a company representative that the offer was no longer valid, saying: "We ran a background check." This caused some debate regarding the role of convicted hackers working in the security business. (Poulsen, 2000).

Since the Crossbar days, Abene has been making a quiet living as an independent security and sysadmin consultant.

Abene featured in his acting debut as The Inside Man in film Urchin completed in Summer 2006 and released in the USA in February 2007.

馬克·阿貝尼2007年，在馬來西亞首都吉隆坡舉行的“Hack in the Box”黑客暨安全大會，受到了業界的廣泛關注。2007年的大會邀請了眾多知名人士參加，其中的主要演講人及主題包括Mark Abene《西方信息安全的起落》。

“我目睹了兩個團體的出現：地下黑客和計算機安全，二者既養活了對方，為彼此間接提供了幫助卻也一直在鬥爭。” Mark Abene 將回憶自己早年做黑客的經歷，並闡述他對西方信息安全多年的看法。

Mark Abene，在Wikipedia中都可以查到此人，他更為知名的是他的筆名—Phiber Optik，紐約著名的黑客。從10歲就開始接觸電腦。

馬克·阿貝尼在90年代名噪一時，也非常高調，經常在《紐約時報》、Harper's、Esquire等媒體露面，而且參與電視辯論。他是非虛構小説《欺騙大師——統治賽博空間的黑幫》（Masters of Deception — The Gang that Ruled Cyberspace ）中的重要角色之一。

由於AT&T的長途服務系統在馬丁路德金紀念日崩潰，美國開始實施全面打擊黑客的行動。聯邦政府逮捕了聖路易斯的Knight Lightning ;在紐約抓獲了“欺騙大師”（紐約市一個少年黑客組織）的三劍客Phiber Optik、Acid Phreak和Scorpion；獨立黑客Eric Bloodaxe則在德克薩斯被捕。

作為一個激進組織的創始人之一，阿貝尼激勵了全美成千上萬的青年人“鑽研”國內電話系統的內部工作原理，為此一項聯邦裁決試圖以“散佈非法信息給其他黑客”為由判他入聯邦監獄一年，但該項裁決最後不了了之。回家之日，眾多擁護者擁進了曼哈頓俱樂部出席向他致敬的“歸來聚會”。聚會後不久，紐約一雜誌將他作為100名最傑出的紐約青年予以表彰。他第一次接觸電腦是得益於在紐約某公司電子部門工作的母親，從母親那裏他接觸到了蘋果II，他擁有的第一台電腦是花完了大功近半年時間所攢下的錢所買的radio shack trs-80（託什-80）型。