2014年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎

John O'Keefe was born in 1939 in New York City, USA, and holds both American and British citizenships. He received his doctoral degree in physiological psychology from McGill University, Canada in 1967. After that, he moved to England for postdoctoral training at University College London. He has remained at University College and was appointed Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience in 1987. John O'Keefe is currently Director of the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre in Neural Circuits and Behaviour at University College London. ^[1] 

約翰·歐基夫（John O‘Keefe）1939年出生於美國紐約，美國英國雙國籍。1967年他在加拿大麥吉爾大學獲生理心理學博士學位。然後前往英國倫敦大學接受博士後訓練。之後他留校並於1987年被任命為認知神經科學教授。John O'Keefe現任倫敦大學塞恩斯伯裏康中心神經迴路和行為主任。

他以發現海馬體中的位置細胞而聞名，它們可以以θ相移的方式顯示臨時編碼。2013年與愛德華·莫澤、邁-布里特·莫澤同獲霍維茨獎。 ^[2] 

May-Britt Moser was born in Fosnavåg, Norway in 1963 and is a Norwegian citizen. She studied psychology at the University of Oslo together with her future husband and co-Laureate Edvard Moser. She received her Ph.D. in neurophysiology in 1995. She was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Edinburgh and subsequently a visiting scientist at University College London before moving to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim in 1996. May-Britt Moser was appointed Professor of Neuroscience in 2000 and is currently Director of the Centre for Neural Computation in Trondheim. ^[1] 

邁-布里特·莫澤（May-Britt Moser）1963年出生於挪威的福斯納沃格，挪威籍。她在奧斯陸大學和她未來的丈夫也是本次諾獎的共同獲得者，Edvard Moser，一起學習心理學。1995年她獲得了神經生理學博士學位。曾先後在愛丁堡大學做博士後研究員，倫敦大學做訪問學者。1996年前往特隆赫姆市的挪威科學技術大學做訪問學者。2000年，May-Britt Moser被任命為神經科學教授，現任特隆赫姆的神經計算中心主任。

挪威科技大學卡夫利科系統神經科學研究所和記憶生物學中心創始主任。莫澤和她的丈夫愛德華·莫澤在過去數十年中領導了一系列腦機理的前沿研究。2013年獲霍維茨獎。 ^[2] 

Edvard I. Moser was born in born 1962 in Ålesund, Norway and has Norwegian citizenship. He obtained his Ph.D. in neurophysiology from the University of Oslo in 1995. He was a postdoctoral fellow together with his wife and co‐Laureate May‐Britt Moser, first at the University of Edinburgh and later a visiting scientist in John O'Keefe's laboratory in London. In 1996 they moved to the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, where Edvard Moser became Professor in 1998. He is currently Director of the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience in Trondheim. ^[1] 

愛德華·莫索爾（Edvard I. Moser）1962年出生於挪威的奧勒松，挪威籍。1995年他在奧斯陸大學獲得神經科學博士學位。他和妻子也是本次諾獎的共同獲得者，May-Britt Moser，一起在愛丁堡大學做博士後研究員。之後去了倫敦在John O'Keefe的實驗室做訪問學者。1996年他們前往特隆赫姆市的挪威科學技術大學，1998年成為該大學的教授。他現任特隆赫姆的卡弗裏系統神經科學研究所主任。

莫澤和他的妻子邁-布里特·莫澤在過去數十年中領導了一系列腦機理的前沿研究。2013年獲霍維茨獎。 ^[2] 

“for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioningsystem in the brain.” ^[1] 

發現構建大腦定位系統的細胞——GPS細胞。

How do we know where we are? How can we find the way from one place to another? And how can we store this information in such a way that we can immediately find the way the next time we trace the same path? This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a positioning system, an "inner GPS" in the brain that makes it possible to orient ourselves in space, demonstrating a cellular basis for higher cognitive function. ^[1] 

我們如何知道我們在哪兒？我們如何從一個地方找到另一個地方？我們如何存儲此類信息，以便於我們下次能夠迅速找到同一條道路？本年度（2014年）的諾貝爾獎得主發現了一種大腦定位系統——內部GPS，可以指導我們的空間定位，為更高級的認知功能提供了細胞基礎。