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鶇科
鎖定
鶇科(學名:Turdidae)的鳥類主要是中小型鳴禽,共有24屬341種953亞種,中國約18屬80種。由鶇、和平鳥、鴝等所組成。體型和生活方式有一定差異,多在地面棲息,善於奔跑,但也善於飛行及樹棲,善於鳴叫。鶇科除南極洲外世界各地均有分佈。其中烏鶇和紅胸鴝分別是瑞典和英國的國鳥,而新疆歌鴝則是熟知的夜鶯,旅鶇和黃褐森鶇,還包括詩歌中提到的藍知更鳥和烏鶇。地鶇於1828年最後一次出現於皮爾(Peel)島、小笠原羣島,已滅絕。
鶇(Turdus ulietensis)自1774年在靠近塔西提島的賴阿特阿(Raiatea)島、社會羣島發現以來,從此再沒有見過,已滅絕。鶇科包括許多種極優秀的鳴禽,專食蠕蟲或昆蟲的幼體或食水果 。
鶇科形態特徵
鶇科(16張)
鶇科棲息環境
鶇科生活習性
幾乎總是一夫一妻制。該領地被雌雄鳥雙方佔領並堅決捍衞。該領地必須富裕,並全年提供食物,特別是對於留鳥物種。鶇科鳥類善飛行,經常進行起伏飛行,飛行力強弱不一。大部分亦善在地面奔跑和跳躍。鳴聲多樣,有的悦耳動聽。鶇是比椋鳥稍大一些的鳴禽,為著名的食蟲鳥類,它們雖也吃一些漿果和植物種子,但主要以昆蟲為食,其中有鞘翅目、直翅目、膜翅目、雙翅目、鱗翅目、異翅目、同翅目等昆蟲及幼蟲,兼食蜘蛛、蜈蚣、小蛙等。在遷徙及越冬季節,常集成大羣在林間活動,尤其喜歡在草叢中穿行覓食枯枝落葉層內所隱藏的害蟲。成羣的鶇類對消滅田間害蟲地老虎、玉米螟幼蟲等有突出的貢獻。
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在森林中以及在空曠地區的深陰影中覓食。技術非常典型,被描述為“停止——開始——突襲”。由於快速的頭部輕拂,它們還會甩掉和撥開在鳥喙周邊的葉子。當枯葉枯乾時,可以聽到這種覓食行為產生的噪音。
鶇科分佈範圍
鶇科該科種類
中文名稱 | 學 名 | 中文名稱 | 學 名 | ||
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1 | Alethe choloensis | 172 | 漠鵖 | Oenanthe deserti | |
2 | Alethe diademata | 173 | Oenanthe finschii | ||
3 | Alethe fuelleborni | 174 | Oenanthe heuglini | ||
4 | Alethe poliocephala | 175 | Oenanthe hispanica | ||
5 | Alethe poliophrys | 176 | 沙鵖 | Oenanthe isabellina | |
6 | Amalocichla incerta | 177 | Oenanthe leucopyga | ||
7 | Amalocichla sclateriana | 178 | Oenanthe leucura | ||
8 | Arcanator orostruthus | 179 | Oenanthe lugens | ||
9 | Brachypteryx hyperythra | 180 | Oenanthe moesta | ||
10 | Brachypteryx leucophrys | 181 | Oenanthe monacha | ||
11 | Brachypteryx montana | 182 | Oenanthe monticola | ||
12 | Brachypteryx montana | 183 | Oenanthe oenanthe | ||
13 | Brachypteryx stellata | 184 | Oenanthe phillipsi | ||
14 | Cataponera turdoides | 185 | Oenanthe picata | ||
15 | Catharus aurantiirostris | 186 | Oenanthe pileata | ||
16 | Catharus bicknelli | 187 | Oenanthe pleschanka | ||
17 | Catharus dryas | 188 | Oenanthe xanthoprymna | ||
18 | Catharus frantzii | 189 | Phoenicurus alaschanicus | ||
19 | Catharus fuscater | 190 | Phoenicurus auroreus | ||
20 | Catharus fuscescens | 191 | Phoenicurus caeruleocephalus | ||
21 | Catharus gracilirostris | 192 | Phoenicurus erythrogaster | ||
22 | Catharus guttatus | 193 | Phoenicurus erythronotus | ||
23 | Catharus mexicanus | 194 | Phoenicurus frontalis | ||
24 | Catharus minimus | 195 | Phoenicurus hodgsoni | ||
25 | Catharus occidentalis | 196 | Phoenicurus moussieri | ||
26 | Catharus ustulatus | 197 | Phoenicurus ochruros | ||
27 | Cercomela dubia | 198 | Phoenicurus phoenicurus | ||
28 | Cercomela familiaris | 199 | Phoenicurus schisticeps | ||
29 | Cercomela fusca | 200 | Pinarornis plumosus | ||
30 | Cercomela melanura | 201 | Platycichla flavipes | ||
31 | Cercomela schlegelii | 202 | Platycichla leucops | ||
32 | Cercomela scotocerca | 203 | Pogonocichla stellata | ||
33 | Cercomela sinuata | 204 | Pseudocossyphus bensoni | ||
34 | Cercomela sordida | 205 | Pseudocossyphus imerinus | ||
35 | Cercomela tractrac | 206 | Pseudocossyphus sharpei | ||
36 | Cercotrichas barbata | 207 | Psophocichla litsipsirupa | ||
37 | Cercotrichas coryphaeus | 208 | Rhyacornis bicolor | ||
38 | Cercotrichas galactotes | 209 | Rhyacornis fuliginosus | ||
39 | Cercotrichas hartlaubi | 210 | Ridgwayia pinicola | ||
40 | Cercotrichas leucophrys | 211 | Saxicola caprata | ||
41 | Cercotrichas leucosticta | 212 | Saxicola dacotiae | ||
42 | Cercotrichas minor | 213 | Saxicola ferrea | ||
43 | Cercotrichas paena | 214 | Saxicola gutturalis | ||
44 | Cercotrichas podobe | 215 | 白喉石鵖 | Saxicola insignis | |
45 | Cercotrichas qaudrivirgata | 216 | Saxicola jerdoni | ||
46 | Cercotrichas signata | 217 | Saxicola leucura | ||
47 | Chaetops aurantius | 218 | Saxicola macrorhyncha | ||
48 | Chaetops frenatus | 219 | Saxicola rubetra | ||
49 | Chaimarrornis leucocephalus | 220 | Saxicola tectes | ||
50 | Chlamydochaera jefferyi | 221 | Saxicola torquata | ||
51 | Cichladusa arquata | 222 | Saxicoloides fulicata | ||
52 | Cichladusa guttata | 223 | Sheppardia aequatorialis | ||
53 | Cichladusa ruficauda | 224 | Sheppardia bocagei | ||
54 | Cichlherminia lherminieri | 225 | Sheppardia cyornithopsis | ||
55 | Cichlopsis leucogenys | 226 | Sheppardia gabela | ||
56 | Cinclidium diana | 227 | Sheppardia gunningi | ||
57 | Cinclidium frontale | 228 | Sheppardia lowei | ||
58 | Cinclidium leucurum | 229 | Sheppardia montana | ||
59 | Cinclocerthia gutturalis | 230 | Sheppardia sharpei | ||
60 | Cinclocerthia ruficauda | 231 | Sialia currucoides | ||
61 | Cinclosoma ajax | 232 | Sialia mexicana | ||
62 | Cinclosoma castaneothorax | 233 | Sialia sialis | ||
63 | Cinclosoma castanotus | 234 | Stiphrornis erythrothorax | ||
64 | Cinclosoma cinnamomeum | 235 | Swynnertonia swynnertoni | ||
65 | Cinclosoma punctatum | 236 | Tarsiger chrysaeus | ||
66 | Cochoa azurea | 237 | Tarsiger cyanurus | ||
67 | Cochoa beccarii | 238 | Tarsiger hyperythrus | ||
68 | Cochoa purpurea | 239 | Tarsiger indicus | ||
69 | Cochoa viridis | 240 | Tarsiger johnstoniae | ||
70 | Copsychus albospecularis | 241 | Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris | ||
71 | Copsychus cebuensis | 242 | Thamnolaea semirufa | ||
72 | Copsychus luzoniensis | 243 | Trichixos pyrropygus | ||
73 | Copsychus malabaricus | 244 | Turdus albicollis | ||
74 | Copsychus niger | 245 | Turdus albocinctus | ||
75 | Copsychus saularis | 246 | Turdus amaurochalinus | ||
76 | Copsychus sechellarum | 247 | Turdus assimilis | ||
77 | Copsychus stricklandii | 248 | Turdus aurantius | ||
78 | Cossypha albicapilla | 249 | Turdus bewsheri | ||
79 | Cossypha anomala | 250 | Turdus boulboul | ||
80 | Cossypha archeri | 251 | Turdus cardis | ||
81 | Cossypha caffra | 252 | Turdus celaenops | ||
82 | Cossypha cyanocampter | 253 | Turdus chiguanco | ||
83 | Cossypha dichroa | 254 | Turdus chrysolaus | ||
84 | Cossypha heinrichi | 255 | Turdus dissimilis | ||
85 | Cossypha heuglini | 256 | Turdus falcklandii | ||
86 | Cossypha humeralis | 257 | Turdus feae | ||
87 | Cossypha isabellae | 258 | Turdus fulviventris | ||
88 | Cossypha natalensis | 259 | Turdus fumigatus | ||
89 | Cossypha niveicapilla | 260 | Turdus fuscater | ||
90 | Cossypha polioptera | 261 | Turdus grayi | ||
91 | Cossypha roberti | 262 | Turdus haplochrous | ||
92 | Cossypha semirufa | 263 | Turdus hauxwelli | ||
93 | Drymodes brunneopygia | 264 | Turdus hortulorum | ||
94 | Drymodes superciliaris | 265 | Turdus ignobillis | ||
95 | Dumetella carolinensis | 266 | Turdus iliacus | ||
96 | 黑背燕尾 | Enicurus immaculatus | 267 | Turdus infuscatus | |
97 | Enicurus leschenaulti | 268 | Turdus jamaicensis | ||
98 | Enicurus maculatus | 269 | Turdus kessleri | ||
99 | Enicurus ruficapillus | 270 | Turdus lawrencii | ||
100 | Enicurus schistaceus | 271 | Turdus leucomelas | ||
101 | Enicurus scouleri | 272 | Turdus libonyanus | ||
102 | Enicurus velatus | 273 | Turdus maculirostris | ||
103 | Entomodestes coracinus | 274 | Turdus maranonicus | ||
104 | Entomodestes leucotis | 275 | Turdus menachensis | ||
105 | Erithacus akahige | 276 | Turdus merula | ||
106 | Erithacus komadori | 277 | Turdus migratorius | ||
107 | Erithacus rubecula | 278 | Turdus mupinensis | ||
108 | Eupetes macrocerus | 279 | Turdus naumanni | ||
109 | 短翅鴝 | Hodgsonius phaenicuroides | 280 | Turdus nigrescens | |
110 | Hylocichla mustelina | 281 | Turdus nigriceps | ||
111 | Ifrita kowaldi | 282 | Turdus nudigenis | ||
112 | Irania gutteralis | 283 | Turdus obscurus | ||
113 | Ixoreus naevius | 284 | Turdus obsoletus | ||
114 | Luscinia brunnea | 285 | Turdus olivaceofuscus | ||
115 | 紅喉歌鴝 | Luscinia calliope | 286 | Turdus olivaceus | |
116 | Luscinia cyane | 287 | Turdus olivater | ||
117 | Luscinia luscinia | 288 | Turdus pallidus | ||
118 | Luscinia megarhynchos | 289 | Turdus pelios | ||
119 | Luscinia obscura | 290 | Turdus philomelos | ||
120 | Luscinia pectardens | 291 | Turdus pilaris | ||
121 | Luscinia pectoralis | 292 | Turdus plebejus | ||
122 | Luscinia ruficeps | 293 | Turdus plumbeus | ||
123 | Luscinia sibilans | 294 | Turdus poliocephalus | ||
124 | 藍喉歌鴝 | Luscinia svecicus | 295 | Turdus reevei | |
125 | Modulatrix stictigula | 296 | Turdus rubrocanus | ||
126 | Monticola angolensis | 297 | Turdus ruficollis | ||
127 | Monticola brevipes | 298 | Turdus rufitorques | ||
128 | Monticola cinclorhynchus | 299 | Turdus rufiventris | ||
129 | Monticola explorator | 300 | Turdus rufopalliatus | ||
130 | Monticola gularis | 301 | Turdus serranus | ||
131 | Monticola rufiventris | 302 | Turdus subalaris | ||
132 | Monticola rufocinereus | 303 | Turdus swalesi | ||
133 | Monticola rupestris | 304 | Turdus tephronotus | ||
134 | Monticola saxatilis | 305 | Turdus torquatus | ||
135 | Monticola solitarius | 306 | Turdus unicolor | ||
136 | Myadestes coloratus | 307 | Turdus viscivorus | ||
137 | Myadestes elisabeth | 308 | Xenocopsychus ansorgei | ||
138 | Myadestes genibarbis | 309 | Zoothera andromedae | ||
139 | Myadestes lanaiensis | 310 | 黑耳地鶇 | Zoothera cameronensis | |
140 | Myadestes melanops | 311 | Zoothera cinerea | ||
141 | Myadestes myadestinus | 312 | Zoothera citrina | ||
142 | 夏威夷鶇 | Myadestes obscurus | 313 | Zoothera crossleyi | |
143 | Myadestes occidentalis | 314 | Zoothera dauma | ||
144 | Myadestes palmeri | 315 | Zoothera dixoni | ||
145 | Myadestes ralloides | 316 | Zoothera dohertyi | ||
146 | Myadestes townsendi | 317 | Zoothera dumasi | ||
147 | Myadestes unicolor | 318 | Zoothera erythronota | ||
148 | Myophonus blighi | 319 | Zoothera everetti | ||
149 | Myophonus caeruleus | 320 | Zoothera gurneyi | ||
150 | Myophonus glaucinus | 321 | Zoothera guttata | ||
151 | Myophonus horsfieldii | 322 | Zoothera heinei | ||
152 | Myophonus insularis | 323 | Zoothera horsfieldi | ||
153 | Myophonus melanurus | 324 | Zoothera interpres | ||
154 | Myophonus robinsoni | 325 | Zoothera lunulata | ||
155 | Myrmecocichla aethiops | 326 | Zoothera machiki | ||
156 | Myrmecocichla albifrons | 327 | Zoothera major | ||
157 | Myrmecocichla arnotti | 328 | Zoothera margaretae | ||
158 | Myrmecocichla formicivora | 329 | Zoothera marginata | ||
159 | Myrmecocichla melaena | 330 | Zoothera mollissima | ||
160 | Myrmecocichla nigra | 331 | Zoothera monticola | ||
161 | Myrmecocichla tholloni | 332 | Zoothera oberlaenderi | ||
162 | Namibornis herero | 333 | Zoothera peronii | ||
163 | Neocossyphus finschii | 334 | Zoothera piaggiae | ||
164 | Neocossyphus fraseri | 335 | Zoothera princei | ||
165 | Neocossyphus poensis | 336 | Zoothera schistacea | ||
166 | Neocossyphus rufus | 337 | Zoothera sibirica | ||
167 | Nesocichla eremita | 338 | Zoothera spiloptera | ||
168 | Oenanthe alboniger | 339 | Zoothera talaseae | ||
169 | Oenanthe bifasciata | 340 | Zoothera tanganjicae | ||
170 | Oenanthe bottae | 341 | Zoothera wardii | ||
171 | Oenanthe cypriaca |
鶇科繁殖方式
雌性通常選擇巢穴並築巢。它承擔了大部分的妊娠和乳化期,但在此期間雄鳥可能會餵養她。父母雙方都餵養幼鳥並分擔築巢職兩端。鳥巢的尺寸隨緯度而變化。孵化期為11--15天。小鳥出生後,會在巢中停留約12-15天。它們經常在羽毛沒有完全長成好離開庇護所之前躲藏在附近的植被中。
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鶇科保護級別
全部列入列入《世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》(IUCN)ver3.1。
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中國物種全部列入中國國家林業局2000年8月1日發佈的《國家保護的有益的或者有重要經濟、科學研究價值的陸生野生動物名錄》。
- 參考資料
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- 1. Turdidae .ITIS [引用日期2019-09-28]
- 2. 趙正階.《中國鳥類志》下卷 (雀形目):吉林科學技術出版社,2001年6月:236-353
- 3. TURDIDAE FAMILY .Oiseaux-Birds[引用日期2019-09-28]
- 4. Descubre todo sobre turdidae, una familia de ave numerosa .Hablemosdeaves[引用日期2019-09-28]
- 5. Thrushes (Turdidae) 鶇科 .IBC Bird Collection (東籬小菊譯編)
- 6. Turdidae .The IUCN Red List .2014-01-21