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非謂語動詞

(在句子中不是謂語的動詞)

鎖定
非謂語動詞,又叫非限定動詞,非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞,主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞(現在分詞和過去分詞),即動詞的非謂語形式。非謂語動詞除了不能獨立作謂語外,可以承擔句子的其他成分。
中文名
非謂語動詞
外文名
Non predicate verb [1] 
別    名
非限定動詞
定    義
在句子中不是謂語的動詞
包    括
不定式、動名詞和分詞
類    別
英文

非謂語動詞定義

在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子的各種成分的動詞形式,叫做非謂語動詞(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非謂語動詞也是動詞的一種,他們有着動詞的其他特點,可以充當主語、賓語、狀語等。非謂語動詞與謂語動詞是相對的概念。

非謂語動詞形式功能

非謂語動詞動詞不定式

動詞不定式:(to)+ do,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
否定式:not + (to) do
以do為例,動詞不定式的構成如下:
1.一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後.
例如:
It's nice to meet you.很高興見到你。
He seems to know a lot. 他看起來懂得很多。
We plan to pay a visit. 我們計劃去參觀。
He wants to be an artist. 他想成為一個藝術家。
The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求馬上手術。
The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老師要求完成工作。
2.進行式:不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假裝工作得很努力。
He seems to be reading in his room. 看起來他正在他的房間裏面讀書。
3.完成式:不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前,例如:
I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看過這部電影。
He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高興能遇上他的朋友。
不定式的句法功能:
(1)作主語:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分鐘之內完成這項工作是很難的。
To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失敗。
動詞不定式短語作主語時,常用it作形式主語,真正的主語不定式置於句後,例如上面兩句可用如下形式:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分鐘之內完成這項工作是很難的。
It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失敗。
常用句式有:
1、It+be+名詞+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示讚揚或批評的形容詞,不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
2.作表語
Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打掃大廳。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
3.作賓語:
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式(賓語)後面有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,真正的賓語(不定式)後置,放在賓語補足語後面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 馬克思發現研究俄國的情況是很重要的。
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語,如:
I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在這裏,別無選擇。
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上週日除了修他的自行車什麼也沒幹。
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他給了我們一些學英語的建議。
4.作賓語補足語
複合賓語中,動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語,如下動詞常跟這種複合賓語:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.
此外,介詞有時也與這種複合賓語連用,如:
With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema. 他有很多工作要做,所以沒去電影院。
有些動詞如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等與不帶有to的不定式連用,但改為被動語態時,不定式要加to,如:
I saw him cross the road. 我看見他橫過公路。
He was seen to cross the road. 他被我看見橫過公路。
5.作定語:
動詞不定式作定語,放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關係:
①動賓關係:
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一個會議要出席。
注意:不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,應有必要的介詞,如:
He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一個居住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about. 這個孩子無憂無慮。
What did you open it with? 你用什麼打開它?
如果不定式修飾time,place,way,可以省略介詞:
He has no place to live. 他無處安身。
This is the best way to work out this problem. 這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者,不定式可用主動式也可用被動式:
Have you got anything to send? 你要送什麼東西嗎?
Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什麼東西需要送嗎?
②説明所修飾名詞的內容:
We have made a plan to finish the work. 我們制定了一個完成工作的計劃。
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語:
He is the first to get here. 他第一個來到這兒。
6.作狀語:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以繼日地工作來賺錢。
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她賣掉了自己的頭髮來買那條錶鏈。
注意不定式放句首時,邏輯主語與句子主語要一致:
wrong:To save money,every means has been tried.
right:To save money,he has tried every means. 為了省錢,他使出了渾身解數。
wrong:To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well,he needs a dictionary. 為了學好英語,他需要一本詞典。
②表結果(往往是與預期願望相反的結果 意料之外):常放在never only後
He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他來晚了,只見火車已經走了。
I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜訪他,只見他出去了。
③表原因:常放在形容詞後面
They were very sad to hear the news. 他們聽到這條新聞非常傷心。
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我們什麼也看不見。
The question is simple for him to answer. 這問題由他來回答是很簡單的。
7.作目的狀語:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾
To tell you the truth,I don't like the way he talked. 説實話,我不喜歡他講話的方式。
8.不定式的省略:保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it,you don't need to. 如果你不想做這件事,你就不必做。
9.不定式的並列:第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望學醫併成為醫生。

非謂語動詞不定式

1. “to” 是不定式符號還是介詞,下列短語中的to 都是介詞。
agree to object to close to,come to,lead to,refer to,
equal to,familiar to,point to,thank to,devote to,next to,belong to,be used to,look forward to
2. 帶to 還是不帶to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
( 但是:He was seen to enter the classroom .)
3. 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標記的。但是有時用of .
區別:當使用for時,句中形容詞修飾的是不定式;而用of時,句中形容詞修飾邏輯主語。
It’s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修飾 to study hard,表示學習努力是有必要的)
It’s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修飾邏輯主語him)
與of 連用的形容詞有:
good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,…
與for連用的通常是一些表示可能性、難易程度、必要性等含義的形容詞:
possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessary,…
4.後接不定式作賓語的動詞有:
want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expect etc.
需要賓語補足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語,而要用it做形式賓語。例如:通常不説We think to obey the laws important . 而説We think it important to obey the laws .
5.不定式作賓語補足語時省略to的情況:若不定式前的謂語動詞是使役動詞make,let,have(表示“讓、使”)、感官動詞see,watch,look at,observe, notice,hear,listen to, feel時,不定式符號to可以省略。這些動詞亦可總結為口訣:“三使五看兩聽一感覺”。例如:
Let's (to)go!走吧!
He saw the thief (to)steal a lady’s cellphone.
注:改為被動句時要把to還原,例如:
The thief was seentosteal a lady’s cellphone.
6.不定式的省略。下列短語中,如果意義明確,常常省略到to。
want to,wish to,hope to,like to,hate to,plan to,try to,love to,have to,ought to,need to,used to,be able to
7.不定式作定語,應注意兩種關係:
1)動賓關係:
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2)主謂關係:
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post . ( 邏輯主語是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 邏輯主語不是I )
7.不定式作狀語,可以有以下幾種意義:
1) 原因
He is lucky to get here on time .
這種結構中常用的形容詞有:
happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious . lucky,fortunate,proud,angry surprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 結果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作補足語
I saw him play in the street just now .
能跟不帶to 的不定式作補足語的動詞有:
see,feel,hear,listen to,look at,watch,let,have make,observe,notice
注: 當這些詞為被動式時,不定式要帶to,如:
He was seen to play in the street just now.

非謂語動詞動名詞

動名詞:
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有名詞的句法功能。
一般式(謂語動詞同時發生)
doing
being done
完成式(謂語動詞發生之前)
having done
having been done
動名詞的形式:Ving
否定式:not + 動名詞
  1. 一般式:Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
  2. 被動式:He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
  3. 完成式:We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
  4. 完成被動式:He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
  5. 否定式:not + 動名詞I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
  6. 複合結構:物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+ 動名詞He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
動名詞的句法功能:
  1. 作主語:Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
  2. 作表語:In the ant city,the queen's job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國,蟻后的工作是產卵。
  3. 作賓語:They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,例如:We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語:enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承認),deny(否認),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒險),appreciate(感激),be busy,be worth,feel like,can't stand,can't help(情不自禁地),think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…(from),protect…from,set about,be engaged in,spend…(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel like
  4. 作定語:He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有枴杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎?
  5. 同位語:The cave,his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。

非謂語動詞現在分詞

現在分詞:現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵,又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
現在分詞的形式:
否定式:not + 現在分詞
1.現在分詞的主動語態:現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生,完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生,常作狀語。例如:
They went to the park,singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊説向公園走去。
Having done his homework,he played basket-ball. 做完作業,他開始打籃球。
2.現在分詞的被動語態:一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作,完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍,這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
現在分詞的句法功能:
  1. 作定語:現在分詞作定語,當分詞單獨做定語時,放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞後。In the following years he worked even harder.在後來的幾年中,他學習更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years thatfollowed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
  2. 現在分詞作表語:The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示現在進行時,也可能是現在分詞做表語,它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時,而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
  3. 作賓語補足語:如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語:see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。例如:Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等着。
  4. 現在分詞作狀語:①作時間狀語:(While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時,他是一名先進工人。②作原因狀語:Being a League member,he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員,他經常幫助他人。③作方式狀語,表示伴隨:He stayed at home,cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裏,又擦又洗。④作條件狀語:(If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩,你就會浪費寶貴的時間。⑤作結果狀語:He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,結果摔得粉碎。⑥作目的狀語:He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。⑦作讓步狀語:Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.雖然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格:I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head.我等汽車時,一隻鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.所有的票已經賣光了,他們失望地離開了。Time permitting,we'll do another two exercises.如果時間允許,我們將做另兩個練習。有時也可用with (without) +名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞形式With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他點着燈睡着了。⑨作獨立成分:Judging from(by) his appearance,he must be an actor.從外表看,他一定是個演員。Generally speaking,girls are more careful. 一般説來,女孩子更細心。

非謂語動詞過去分詞

過去分詞只有一種形式:規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則
要求,要一一記住。
  1. 過去分詞作定語:Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上週一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。注意當過去分詞是單詞時,一般用於名詞前,如果是過去分詞短語,就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句
  2. 過去分詞作表語:The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。注意:be + 過去分詞,如果表示狀態是系表結構,如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別:The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the boy.(被動)有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的,不表示被動,只表示完成。如:boiled water(開水) fallen leaves(落葉)newly arrived goods(新到的貨) the risen sun(升起的太陽)the changed world(變了的世界)這類過去分詞有:gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。
  3. 過去分詞作賓語補足語:I heard the song sung several times last week.上週我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語:With the work done,they went out to play. 工作做完了,他們出去玩去了。
  4. 過去分詞作狀語:Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents.受到鄰居們的表揚,他成為父母的驕傲。(表示原因)Once seen,it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看見,人們就忘不了。(表示時間)Given more time,I'll be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時間,我能做得更好。(表示條件)Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險,他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。(表示讓步)Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼,他走進山洞。

非謂語動詞與謂語動詞

非謂語動詞相同點

  1. 如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用,例如:They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.
  2. 都可以被狀語修飾:The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.
  3. 都有主動與被動,“體”式(一般式;進行式;完成式)的變化。例如:He was punished by his parents.(謂語動詞被動語態)He avoided being punished by his parents.(動名詞的被動式)We have written the composition.(謂語動詞的完成時)Having written the composition,we handed it in.(現在分詞的完成式)
  4. 都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.(謂語動詞的邏輯主語)The boss ordered them to start the work.(動詞不定式的邏輯主語)We are League members.(謂語動詞的主語)We being League member,the work was well done. (現在分詞的邏輯主語)
  5. 否定式一般用not,並且放在非謂語動詞之前

非謂語動詞不同點

  1. 非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用(如動詞不定式和動名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
  2. 非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
  3. 非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用(如動詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。
  4. 謂語動詞在句中作謂語,受主語的人稱和數的限制;非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語,它不受主語的人稱和數的限制。
  5. 英語中不能單獨做句子的謂語。
參考資料
  • 1.    中公教育研究生考試研究院.MBA、MPA、MPAcc管理類聯考 英語 2 完形填空精講精練 2018中公版:世界圖書出版公司北京公司,2017.01:第28頁