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邏輯主語
鎖定
邏輯主語,是指與動詞在邏輯上存在着主謂關係,即語義上的施動者,代表着動作系統的發出者。
- 中文名
- 邏輯主語
- 概 念
- 動詞所對應動作的施動者
- 應用範圍
- 語言
目錄
- 1 定義
- 2 邏輯主語與語法主語
- 3 謂語動詞動詞主動態與被動態的邏輯主語
- ▪ 動詞主動態的句子或分句
- ▪ 動詞被動態的句子或分句
- 4 非謂語動詞的邏輯主語
- ▪ 不定式分句
- ▪ 過去分句
- ▪ -ing分句
- 5 邏輯主語的判定:直接與附加邏輯主語
邏輯主語定義
動詞在一個整句中充當某一個成分——謂語動詞、主語、謂語的賓語、修飾成分(定語、狀語和補語)時,表達一個動作的概念,描述一個具有一定動機和目的並指向一定客體的運動系統。動作系統不是孤立的,即不存在沒有源頭的動作,對於每個動作,都有對應的主體(發出者)。動詞代表的動作系統中的主體,即施動者,稱作這個動詞的邏輯主語。
同樣地,代表動作系統中的客體,即受動者,稱作這個動詞的邏輯賓語。
邏輯主語邏輯主語與語法主語
邏輯主語代表着動作系統的發出者,語法主語則決定了謂語動詞的時態語態。語法主語在語法結構上和謂語構成主謂結構,但在邏輯上它們可以是謂語動詞動作系統的受動者,也可以是謂語動詞動作系統的施動者。當語法主語和謂語動詞是主動關係時,語法主語即是邏輯主語;當語法主語和謂語動詞是被動關係時,語法主語是謂語動詞的邏輯賓語。
觀察下列句子:
- Our child planted a tree.(我們的孩子植了棵樹。)
- A tree was planted by our child.(一棵樹被我們孩子植了。)
兩個表達中,植樹這個動作都是由“our child”發出的,故謂語部分動詞的邏輯主語都是“our child”。但他們的語法主語不同:第一句是“Our child”,而第二句是“A tree”。
觀察下列句子:
- Promise(邏輯主語:you) yourself to be so strong that nothing can disturb(邏輯主語:nothing) your peace of mind.(答應你自己努力變得堅強,直到任何事情都不會擾亂你內心的平靜。)【祈使句因對象(即主語)是第二人稱,所以通常都省略。】
- The eastern sky was barred(邏輯主語: grey clouds) with grey clouds.(東邊的天覆滿了烏雲。)【被動語態】
- Over head was(邏輯主語: a grey expanse of cloud) a grey expanse of cloud, slightly stirred(邏輯主語:a breeze), however, by a breeze; so that a gleam of flickering(邏輯主語: sunshine)sunshine might now and then be seen(邏輯主語: people) at its solitary play(邏輯主語: sunshine) along the path.(頭上是灰濛濛的雲天,時而被微風輕拂;因而不時可見縷縷陽光,孤寂地在小徑上閃爍跳躍。)【本句話較長,分號前主體部分為Over head was a grey expanse of cloud(完全倒裝句);slightly stirred by a breeze為狀語。分號後flickering作sunshine的定語;be seen意為被(人們)看見,by people省略;play為名詞,作at的賓語,its指代sunshine's。】
本詞條下將劃分出幾個結構用以加深理解。
邏輯主語謂語動詞動詞主動態與被動態的邏輯主語
邏輯主語動詞主動態的句子或分句
由此,在動詞主動態的句子或分句中,語法主語是此句子或分句的施動者(邏輯主語)。
觀察下列句子:
- We swept the floor.
- He wrote a letter.
- The boy broke the glass.
- Don't smoke here.
- With great power comes great responsibility.
- There was an idea, to bring together a group of remarkable people, to see if we could become something more.
邏輯主語動詞被動態的句子或分句
由此,在動詞被動態的句子或分句中,語法主語是受動者(邏輯賓語),而介詞by後的名詞或者代詞(性分句)是施動者(邏輯主語)。 觀察例句:
- The floor was swept.地板打掃了。
- The letter was written by him.這封信是他寫的。
- The glass was broken by the boy.杯子被那個男孩打破了。
- English is spoken by many people in the world.世界上許多人説英語。
- Knives are used for cutting things.刀用來切東西。
- The work has been done.這個工作做完了。
在被動態1,5和6中,他們的邏輯主語不需要強調,故施動者沒有在句子中體現。比如對於1,句子強調的主體是“地是乾淨的,有人打掃了它”,邏輯主語可以是任何一個人。
邏輯主語非謂語動詞的邏輯主語
邏輯主語不定式分句
- 不定式分句作狀語和定語
不定式分句在句子中作狀語等修飾成分時,其邏輯主語是主句的語法主語:
- He opened the door to let kids in.
- He hurried home to fine his mother wasn't home.
- The boy was lost,never to be found again.
- He has much homework to do today.
- We have a very distinguished guest to attend our party.
- He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
- She fetched several bottlesfor Harry to use.
- It's so kind of you to help me.
- For a childto learn everything within 10 years is impossible. =It's impossiblefor a childto learn everything within 10 years.
- The article is too difficultfor me to understand.
- The orderfor themto climb the mountain was given.
- The Internet made it possible for us to contact with relatives miles away.
不定式分句作主語,不存在of/for + 介詞賓語的結構修飾不定式分句時,其邏輯主語不定,這類句子通常用於給出建議、陳述觀點,邏輯主語是聽到的人。
- To seeis to believe. 百聞不如一見。
- To do morning exerciseis good for our health. 做早操有利於我們的健康。
- It is unwise to give the children whatever they want. 孩子想要什麼就滿足是不明智的。
三、不定式分句作間接賓語
不定式分句在句子中作間接賓語:
- My mother asked meto wash the clothes.
- I consider him to be the best candidate.
- The teacher told him to come on time.
- Edison’s mother taught himto read and write.
- They are believed to have discussed the problem.
- Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps.
- He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
- My mother wouldn’t let mego to the film.
- I don’t like milk, but mother made me drink it.
- I would have him wait for me at the gate of the park.
- I watched her get into the car.
- I saw the womanenter a bank.
- We often hear her sing this song.
- Did you notice her leave the house?
四、不定式分句作及物動詞賓語
不定式分句在句子中作及物動詞的賓語,邏輯主語是主句的邏輯主語:
- I agreed to support him.
- He said he wanted to be a professor.
邏輯主語過去分句
一、過去分詞分句作狀語和定語
過去分詞分句作定語和狀語,句子或分句的語法主語是分詞的邏輯賓語,而邏輯主語一般省略或用介詞by以介詞賓語的形式被引導:
- Moved to tears by her, he stood there silently.
- Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
- He was all wet caught in a heavy rain.
- Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us.
- The new product finally passed therequiredtest.
- There are manybeautifully decoratedhouses in this rich area.
- The manfollowed by security guardsis our chairman.
二、過去分詞分句作賓語補足語
過去分詞分句作賓語補足語,句子或分句的語法主語是分詞的邏輯賓語,介詞for或of的賓語是過去分詞的邏輯主語:
- I heard the song sung by a girl in English.
- I'll have my hair cut tomorrow.
- Don't leave those things undone.
邏輯主語-ing分句
一、-ing分句作狀語和定語
-ing分詞及其短語作狀語,其邏輯主語是句子或分句的語法主語;-ing分詞及其短語作定語語,其邏輯主語是其所修飾的名詞;
- Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
- Falling water can be used to generate electricity.
二、-ing分詞分句作賓語補足語
-ing分詞及其短語作賓語補足語,句子或分句的邏輯主語是句子中的語法賓語。
Can you hear her singingthe song in the next room?
三、名詞化的-ing分詞
名詞化的ing分詞(動名詞)的;邏輯主語可以跟從句子或分句語法主語;但同時也可以附加邏輯主語,即在分詞前加代詞賓格或形容詞性物主代詞:
- His being frightened makes us aware of the danger.
- Would you mind me opening the window?
邏輯主語邏輯主語的判定:直接與附加邏輯主語
注意:這一部分不同於與上文中動詞作各個成分的對應分析,此部分並不與上文衝突,只是提供了一種判定的思路。
邏輯主語直接邏輯主語
如果邏輯主語不言自明,非謂語動詞將借用。
一、句中的主語
- He admitted (his) taking the money.⇔ He admittedtaking the money. 他承認(他)拿了那筆錢。
- After (his) Finishing his work, he went to bed immediately.⇔After Finishing his work, he went to bed immediately.完成工作後他立即上牀睡覺。
上述句子中,非謂語動詞和主要動詞都是由句子的主語he支配的,所以本句非謂語動詞的邏輯主語就是句子主語He,無需添加him或his來充當taking的邏輯主語。
二、句中的主語及上下文中提及的其他名詞
I don’t anticipate meeting any opposition. 我不期待(我以及你們)遇到任何敵對行為。
本句中,非謂語動詞meeting邏輯主語既包括句中的主語説話者I也包括上下文中的聽話者。
三、句中的主語及有關的其他名詞
Mother suggests having a picnic party this weekend. 母親建議週末舉辦一次野餐會。
本句中,非謂語動詞having的邏輯主語既是句子的主語也包括舉辦party的有關人員。
邏輯主語附加邏輯主語
一、動名詞的邏輯主語:所有格+ doing sth.
物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語,動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞複合結構在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等,分別相當於對應的名詞性分句。由於-ing分詞中可以轉化為名詞,所以要用物主代詞充當其邏輯主語,做賓語時也可以用代詞的賓格取代。
- He suggested her applying for a multiple entry visa. 他建議她申請一個多用入關簽證。
- They insisted on my/me finishing the report before Friday. 他們堅持我在星期五之前完成這份報告。
- It is no good her keeping smoking all the time. 她總是不斷地吸煙是沒有好處的。
- Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 簡的粗心惹來了不少麻煩。⇔That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.
- What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。⇔What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.
二、分詞的邏輯主語:主格+ doing sth.
分詞的邏輯主語要用名詞的主格充當及其邏輯主語,構成的短語也叫做獨立主格結構。
- The boy finishing his work, his mother allowed him to play a short while. 那孩子寫完作業後他媽媽允許他玩兒一小會兒。
- The baby was sleeping soundly, the nurse sitting beside the bed silently.嬰兒睡得十分香甜,保姆靜靜地坐在一旁。
- They ordering him to do it, he had no choice but to obey them. 因為他們命令他做這件事,他別無選擇只能服從。
邏輯主語實際考察形式
- ______________ in order to improve her English.A. Some tapes are bought by Mary. B.Mary bought some tapes. C.Mary's dad bought Mary some tapes.
- Cleaning the window, ________________. A. my finger was hurt by sharp glass. B.sharp glass hurt my finger. C.I hurt my finger.