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虛擬語氣

鎖定
英語中的語氣分為陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣、疑問語氣和感嘆語氣五類。虛擬語氣是説話者用來表示假設,或難以實現的情況,而非客觀存在的事實,所陳述的是一個條件,不一定是事實,甚至完全與事實相反。此外如需表達主觀願望或某種強烈的感情時,也可用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣通過謂語動詞的特殊形式來表示。
中文名
虛擬語氣
外文名
Subjunctive Mood
意    義
説話人的主觀願望或非真實情況
相關概念
陳述語氣、祈使語氣
適    用
英語語法
所屬種類
陳述,祈使,虛擬
簡    記
一堅持,二命令,三要求,四建議

虛擬語氣語氣種類

  • 陳述語氣
表示動作或狀態是客觀存在的、確定的或符合事實的,用於陳述句疑問句和某些感嘆句中。如:
Iraq is an Asian country.
伊拉克亞洲國家。(肯定句
The US and British armies did not start the Second Gulf War until March 20,2003.
美英聯軍直到2003年3月20日才發動第二次海灣戰爭。(否定句
Who was it that they want to help?
他們想要幫忙的人到底是誰呀?(疑問句)
How interesting my stay in China has been!
我在中國的日子過的真有趣!(感嘆句)
  • 祈使語氣
表示説話人對對方的請求、警告,建議或命令。如:
Please come over here. 請到這邊來。
Would you be so kind as to lend me a hand? 請幫個忙好嗎?
Watch your steps! 當心!(走路)
Never be late again! 再也不要遲到了。
  • 虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣表示説話人的主觀願望、猜疑、建議或與事實不符的假設等,而不表示客觀存在的事實。虛擬語氣是由句中的謂語動詞的特殊形式表示出來的。如:
If I were a bird,I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一隻小鳥,我就能在空中飛行。
I wish I could pass the examination.
我希望我能通過考試。
Hope you succeed!
祝你成功!
If only we had been college students last year!
上一年我們要是大學生該多好!

虛擬語氣應用條件

在表示假想的虛假的、與事實相反的或難以實現的情況時用虛擬語氣,表示主觀願望或某種強烈情感時,也用虛擬語氣。即當一個人説話時欲強調其所説的話是基於自己的主觀想法,願望,假想,猜測,懷疑或建議,而不是根據客觀實際,就用虛擬語氣。主要是英語語法的一種表達。

虛擬語氣條件狀語的應用

條件句可分為兩類,一類為真實條件句,一類為非真實條件句。非真實條件句表示的是假設或實際可能性不大的甚至完全不可能發生的情況,故採用虛擬語氣。
例如:
If he doesn't hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快點,他將錯過巴士。( 真實)
If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他有空,他會要求我講故事。(真實)
If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你,我馬上就會去。(我不可能是你。非真實,虛擬語氣,與現在事實相反)
If there were no air,people would die.如果沒有空氣,人就會死亡。(不可能沒有空氣。非真實,虛擬語氣,與現在事實相反)
I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以親自去看她,這樣好一些。 (=If I saw her personally,it would be better.)
一、表示與現在事實相反的情況
從句:If+主語+動詞一般過去時(Be動詞用were)
主句:主語+ should/would/might/could+do
If I were you,I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你,我會帶把傘。(事實:我不可能是你)
If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.
如果我知道他的電話號碼,我就會告訴你。(事實:不知道)
If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.
如果沒有水和空氣,地球上就不會有生物。(事實:地球上既有空氣也有水)
If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.
如果我帶錢了,我就會借給你些。(事實:沒有帶錢)
If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些,就能通過考試了。(事實:沒有努力)
If I were you, I'd wear a shirt and tie.
如果我是你,我就會穿襯衫和領帶。(事實:我並不是你) [1] 
二、表示與過去事實相反的情況
從句:If+主語+had+done
主句:主語+should/would/might/could+have done
eg:
If I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her.
如果我早到那兒,我就會見到她。
(事實:去晚了)
If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他聽我的勸告的話,就不會犯這樣的錯誤了。
(事實:沒有聽我的話)
三、表示與將來事實相反
從句①if+主語+were to do
②if+主語+should+do
③if +動詞過去式be動詞用were)
主句主語+should/would/might/could+do
eg:
If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.
如果他明天來這兒的話,我就跟他談談。(事實:來的可能性很小,不可能)
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would go skating.
如果下週日下大雪,我們就去滑冰。(事實:下雪可能性很小,不可能)
If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下週一來這兒的話,我就會告訴她這件事的始末。(事實:來的可能性很小,不可能)
四、有時,虛擬條件句中,如果主句和從句的謂語動作若不是同時發生時,虛擬語氣的形式應作相應的調整。這種條件句叫錯綜條件句
從句的動作與過去事實相反,而主句的動作與正在發生的事實不符
eg:
If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer now.
如果我當時在學校學習刻苦的話,我現在就是一個工程師了
If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他們通知過我們的話,我們現在就不會來這裏了。
②從句的動作與現在事實相反,而主句的動作與過去事實不符。
如:
If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的話,我們就已經派他去北京了。
If he knew her,he would have greeted her.
要是他認識她的話,他肯定會去問候她了。
五、倒裝:
從句謂語動詞含有were,should,had時,if可以省略,這時從句要用倒裝語序,即把were,should,had等詞置於句首,這種多用於書面語。eg:
Were I Tom,I would refuse.
如果我是湯姆,我會拒絕。
Should it be necessary,I would go.
假若有必要,我會去的。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time.
若不是天氣壞,我們就準時到達了。
Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.
要是他答應去的話,我們就派他去了。
Were she here,she would agree with us.
如果她在這兒的話,她會同意我們的。
Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些電腦知識的話,我們已經聘用他來這裏工作了。
【注】
① 若條件從句否定句否定詞not應置於主語之後,而不能與were,should,had 等縮略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置於句首。
② 有時省略if後提前的had不是助動詞
Had I time,I would come. 假若我有時間,我會來的。(=If I had time…)
六、含蓄條件句非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表達出來,只暗含在副詞、介詞短語上下文或其他方式表示出來。在多數情況下,條件會暗含在短語中,如without…,but for…(要不是因為...)等。
  • 6.1 情況一:條件暗含在副詞或介詞短語中
這樣的省略通常需要藉助一定的上下文,即省略條件從句後,所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的。
But for his help,we would be working now.
要不是他的幫助,我們還會在工作呢。(暗含短語but for his help)
But for your help,I would not have succeeded in the experiment.(暗含條件是but for your help)
Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.要是沒有你的指導,我不會取得如此大的進步。(暗含條件介詞短語without your instruction)
Without your help,we wouldn’t have achieved so much.(暗含條件是介詞短語without your help)
We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.我們不知道他的電話號碼,否則我們就會給他打電話。(暗含條件otherwise)
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.不立即潤滑軸承就會引起很大的故障。(暗含條件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately)
  • 6.2 情況二:條件暗含在上下文中
I would not have done it that way.我是不會那麼做的。(可能暗含if I were you)
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.我那天很忙。否則我會來幫你的。(可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.)
You might come to join us in the discussion.你可以參加我們的討論。(可能暗含if you wanted to)
I would have bought the DVD player.我是會買下那台影碟機的。(可能暗含if I had had the money)
But for the storm,we should have arrived earlier.要不是碰到暴雨,我們還會早些到。(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)。
七、有時 虛擬條件語氣的從句中,主從句可以省略其中的一個來表示説話人的一種強烈的感情
He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你本能通過這次考試的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我現在在家裏該多好啊。
If only I had got it. 我要是得到它了該多好啊。
八、注意,在虛擬語氣的從句中,動詞be的過去時態一律用were,不用was
If I were him,I would not go there.
如果我是他,我就不會去那裏。
If I were you,I would go to look for him.
如果我是你,我就會去找他。 [1] 

虛擬語氣目的狀語的應用

一、在for fear that,in case,lest引導的從句中,若用虛擬語氣時,從句謂語為:should+ do。should不能省略
She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.
她又把門檢查了一遍,以防盜賊的進入。
He started out earlier lest he should be late.
他早早地就出發了以防遲到。
二、在so that,in order that所引導的目的狀語從句中,從句中的謂語為:can / could / may / might / will / would /should + do
He goes closer to the speaker so that can hear him clearer.
他走近説話的人以便能聽得更清楚。
He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.
他把信讀得很仔細以便不漏掉一個字。

虛擬語氣賓語的應用

一、 wish後的賓語從句
動詞wish後接賓語從句時,從句謂語要用虛擬語氣。
若要表示與現在事實相反的願望,從句謂語用一般過去時過去進行時(同樣,be動詞換成were);
若表示與過去事實相反的願望,從句謂語用過去完成時had done(注意這裏的情態動詞不能用should);
若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現的願望,用would (could)+動詞原形
注意如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其後that 從句中的動詞形式不變。如:
I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什麼用處。
We wish he didn’t smoke. 我們希望他不吸煙。
I wish prices would come down. 我希望物價能降下來。
I wish the train would come. 我希望火車將會來。
I wished I hadn't spent so much money. 但願我沒有花這麼多錢。
二、表示“堅持”後的賓語從句
主要是指insist的賓語從句,從句謂 語由“should+動詞原形”構成,其中的should在美國 英語中通常可以省略。如:
I insisted that he (should) stay. 我堅持要他留下。
He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他堅持要我同他們一起去。
Rose insisted that he be present. 羅斯堅持要他出席。
The detective insisted that he should have a look. 警探堅持要查看。
注意:動詞insist後接賓語從句時,除可用虛擬語氣外,也可用陳述語氣,兩者的區別是:若謂語動詞所表示的動作尚未發生,或尚未成為事實,則用虛擬語氣;若謂語動詞所表示的動作已經發生,或已經成為事實,則要用陳述語氣。比較:
He insisted that I had read his letter. 他堅持説我看過他的信。
He insisted that I should read his letter. 他堅持要我看他的信。
三、表示“命令”後的賓語從句
主要是指order, command的賓語從句,從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構成,其中的should在美國英語 中通常可以省略。如:
He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。
The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告還押。
The King ordered that the man be released. 國王命令釋放那人。
He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我們立即發起進攻
四、表示“建議”後的賓語從句
主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的賓語從句,從句 謂語由“should+動詞原形”構成,其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如:
He suggested that we should leave early. 他建議我們早點動身。
The doctor advised that he change his job. 醫生勸他換工作。
They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他們建議取消這種税。
I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. 我建議我們現在就吃午飯
The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 委員會建議推選戴先生。
The doctor advised [suggested] that he (should) not smoke. 醫生建議他不要抽煙。
I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once. 我提議對此問題立刻進行表決。
He proposed that Mr. O’Leary be the chairman. 他提議奧列利先生擔任主席。
She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements. 她建議我來負責進行安排。
注意:與動詞insist相似,動詞suggest後接賓語從句時,除可用虛擬語氣外,也可用陳述語氣,兩者的區別也是:若謂語動詞所表示的情況尚未成為事實,則用虛擬語氣,此時suggest通常譯為“建議”;若謂語動詞所表示的情況為既成事實,則要用陳述語氣,此時的suggest通常譯為“表明”、“認為”。比較並體會:
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建議我們留下吃飯。
What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他説的話表明他是個騙子。
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我覺得你與他心照不宣。
五、表示“要求”後的賓語從句
主要是指ask, demand, require, request等後的賓語從句,從句謂語 由“should+動詞原形”構成,其中的should在美國英語中通常 可以省略。如:
I ask that he leave. 我要求他走開。
He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出場。
They require that I go at once. 他們要求我立刻走。
I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要求約翰立即到那裏去。
I requested that he should use his influence on my behalf. 我請求他為我施用他的影響。
He asked that the message be given to Madame immediately. 他要求把信息立即帶給夫人。
They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man. 他們要求給予每個成年男子以選舉權
六、表示“提議”“投票”後的賓語從句
主要是指move, vote等後的賓語從句,從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構成,其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如:
I move that we accept the proposal. 我提議通過這項提案。
Mr. Chairman, I beg to move that the meeting be adjourned. 主席先生,我提議休會。
Congress has voted that the present law be maintained. 國會投票決定維持現在這條法律。
Claudel moved that Norwood should be made a member of the committee. 克洛戴爾提出動議,讓諾伍德當一名委員。
七、表示“敦促”後的賓語從句
主要是指動詞urge後的賓語從句,從句謂語由“should+動詞 原形”構成,其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如:
He urges that the restrictions be lifted. 他敦促取消這些限制。
He urged that they go to Europe. 他敦促他們到歐洲去。
He urged that the rates should be reduced. 他敦請減輕捐税
He urged that the matter should go to arbitration. 他極力主張這件事要提交仲裁。
They urged that relief work should be given priority. 他們敦促將救濟工作放在優先位置。
八、表示“安排”後的賓語從句
主要是指動詞arrange後的賓語從句,從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構 成,其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如:
He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去國外。
I arranged that Tom should meet them. 我安排好叫湯姆去接他們。
They arranged that the minister should be met at the airport. 他們安排在機場迎接這位部長。
It was arranged that they should leave the following spring. 已安排好他們第二年春天離開。
They’ve arranged that I should absent myself for part of the meeting. 他們安排好讓我一部分時間不在開會現場。
九、表示“希望”“打算”後的賓語從句
主要是指動詞desire, intend後的賓語從句,從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構成,其 中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。如:
She desires that he do it. 她希望他做此事。
They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他們打算封鎖這條消息。
I desire the patient should have a bath every day. 我希望病人每天洗澡。
十、表示“指示”後的賓語從句
主要是指動詞direct後的賓語從句,從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構成,其中的should在美國英語中通常可以省略。 如:
The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 將軍指示釋放那些俘虜。 [1] 

虛擬語氣定語的應用

句型It is 或was (high) time that +完整句子,句子的謂語動詞形式用一般過去時或者should do形式;且該should不可以省略。(注意與賓語從句中的用法區別開來)例:
It is (high) time that we should go to school 也可以寫成It is (high) time that we went to school.
注:若該句型略微調整成It is或was the first time that +完整句子(first也可能是其他序數詞),那這個句子謂語動詞不再採用上述形式,而且,若主句用的是is,則that後面的句子的謂語動詞部分用現在完成時(have/has done);若主句用的是was,則that後面的句子的謂語動詞部分用過去完成時(had done)

虛擬語氣be的用法

主語和動詞be
主從句主語一致,且從句部分包含有動詞be,通常可將從句主語和動詞be省略:
If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.
要是早點兒修一下,拖拉機就不會拋錨了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)
“it+be”的省略
If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.
如果需要的話,我會派更多的人去幫你。(=If it were necessary,…)

虛擬語氣其他用法

一、 一想要(desire) 一寧願(prefer) 一堅持(insist)二命令(order , command) 三建議(advise , suggest , propose/recommend) 四要求(demand , require , request , ask)中,無論主句謂語動詞為何種時態,從句的謂語動詞都用:"should + do"。should可以省略。
eg:He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.
insist意為“堅持某種動作”才用虛擬語氣;意為“堅持某種觀點,某個事實”則不用虛擬語氣。
eg:
He insists he is a student.
他堅持説他是個學生。
這個語句表示的是事實,因此在這個語句中不能使用虛擬語氣。
suggest意為“建議”才用虛擬語氣,意為“暗示”或“表明”則不用虛擬語氣。
eg:
His face suggests that he looks worried .
他的表情表明了他很擔心。
這個句子本身是事實,因此它就沒有用到虛擬語氣。
二、表情緒,觀點的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣.如:necessary、importantimpossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity ,the shame ,no wonder等。
句型:It is.......that +主語從句,從句的謂語動詞常用should+原形且should的省略要看情況而定。
eg:
Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao.(should表示“建議”的語氣,可省。)
It is strange that such a person should be our friend.(should表示“竟然”的語氣,不可省。)
奇怪的是這樣一個人會成為我們的朋友。
三、禮貌委婉地表達情況的緊迫性可用虛擬語氣。表示緊迫的形容詞如:advisable ,best,critical,desirableessential,imperative,important,necessary,urgent,vital等.
句型:It is .....+主語從句.
eg:
It's vital that you make a decision right now .
你立刻就做決定是至關重要的。
四、在even if,even though 所引導的讓步狀語從句中用may/might+動詞原形,may/might可以省略,表示與現在相反的情況;從句用過去式,表示與過去相反的情況,類似的詞有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as; 主句、從句的結構與if所引導的條件從句結構相同。
eg:
Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.
即使他親自來也不知該怎麼辦。(事實:他沒來)
Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.
即使華佗在世也救不了他。(事實:華佗不在世)
五、 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,whereverhowever,no matter wh-等引導的讓步狀語從句中,從句虛擬語氣結構為:
指現在或將來:may +do。
eg:
We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.
不管發生什麼事,我們都要按時完成。
We will find him wherever he may be.
無論他在哪裏,我們都要找到他。
I will wait for him no matter how late he may come.
不管他來的多麼晚,我都會等他。
指過去:may +have done。
eg:
You mustn't be proud whatever great progress you may have made.
不管你取得了多麼大的進步,你也不能驕傲。
We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.
不管他犯過什麼錯誤,我們必須尊敬他。
六、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之後的賓語從句常表示客觀事實不相符的一種願望,故使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為:
過去:過去完成時had + done
現在:過去時(be 用were )
將來:過去時(be 用were ) (would rather將來情況用一般過去時
eg:
I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.
我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。
I'd rather you were here now.
我倒想你現在在這兒。
We'd rather you went there tomorrow.
我們倒想你明天去那兒
注:注意would rather,had rather,would sooner的細微差別,可以百度一下查查。
七、虛擬語氣還可用在定語從句中,表示:“早該做某事了”時,定語從句中的謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣,其虛擬語氣的結構為:It is (high / about) time that + 主語+ 動詞的過去式/ should + do(should不可省略)(優先使用動詞過去式),即從句用虛擬過去式。
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我該去學校接我的女兒了。
It is high time that you should go to work.
你早該上班了。
八、 簡單句中的虛擬語氣
(1) 説話時,為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌,言語常使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構形式常為:would / could / might / should +do。
eg:
Would you mind me shutting the door?
你介意我把門關起來嗎?
You should always learn this lesson by heart.
你要把這個教訓牢記於心。
I should agree with you.
我本該同意你的觀點。(委婉的不同意)
(2)表示“祝願”時,常用may +主語+ do。
eg:
May you have a good journey!
祝你一路順風。
May your youth last forever!
祝你青春永駐。
(3)表示強烈的“願望”、“祝願”時,常用do。
eg:God bless us. 上帝保佑。
(4)習慣表達中常用的虛擬語氣。
① 提出請求或邀請。eg:
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎?
Could I use your bike now?
我可以用一下你的單車嗎?
② 陳述自己的觀點或看法。eg:
I should be glad to meet you.
見到你我會很高興。
I would try my best to help you.
我會盡力幫助你。
③提出勸告或建議。eg:
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先問一問你的父親。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你應該先全面調查一番。
提出問題。eg:
Do you think he could get here on time
你認為他能按時來嗎?
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他會告訴我們真相嗎?
⑤表示對過去情況的責備時,常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結構為:情態動詞+ have done。
eg:
You should have got here earlier. 你早該到這裏了。
You should have returned it to him. 你早該把它還給他了。
九、虛擬語氣在方式狀語從句的應用。方式狀語從句詞條。
運用誤區
1.混合條件句主從句時態不會靈活變化;
2.省略if時,句子調整不正確;
3.不會去找意思中的“應該”含義;
4.陷在虛擬中出不來,把真實條件句當成虛擬條件句
參考資料
  • 1.    朱崇軍.魔法英語中學語法大全:鄭州大學出版社,2007