純粹理性批判

《純粹理性批判》是西方哲學史上的重要里程碑，它與《實踐理性批判》和《判斷力批判》共同構成了康德思想體系的核心。《純粹理性批判》簡單説就是一本關於形而上學的著作，全書在前言之後分為長短不一的兩部分，第一部分是佔全書六分之五篇幅的“先驗要素論”，討論人類知識的源頭，即人類認識能力中的先天要素；第二部分是僅佔六分之一篇幅的“先驗方法論”，關注的是使用純粹理性及其先驗觀點的方法。不論是“先驗要素論”還是“先驗方法論”，兩者都是在分析知識源頭時以及在探討所有可能經驗時被假定存在的，因而都是先驗或超驗的。它從哲學認識論的角度全面論證了以牛頓為代表的自然科學的真理性，同時又改變了哲學的研究方法，遵循了數學那樣的嚴格性，使哲學本身以科學為榜樣而得到徹底改造。 ^[1] 

導讀

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION，1781

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION，1787

INTRODUCTION

I． Of the Difference Between Pure and Empirical Knowledge

II． The Human Intellect, even in an Unphilosophical State, is in Possession of Certain Cognitions A Priori

III． Philosophy Stands in Need of a Science which Shall Determine the Possibility, Principles, and Extent of Human Knowledge A Priori

IV． Of the Difference Between Analytical and Synthetical Judgements

V． In all Theoretical Sciences of Reason, Synthetical Judgements A Priori Are Contained as Principles

VI． The Universal Problem of Pure Reason

VII． Idea and Division of a Particular Science, Under the Name of a Critique of Pure Reason

TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF ELEMENTS

PART I. TRANSCENDENTAL AESTHETIC

Introductory

SECTION I. OF SPACE

Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception

Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Space

Conclusions from the Foregoing Conceptions

SECTION II. OF TIME

Exposition of this Conception

Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Time

Conclusions from the Above Conceptions

Elucidation

General Remarks on Transcendental Aesthetic

Conclusion of the Transcendental Aesthetic

PART II. TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC

I. Of Logic in General

II. Of Transcendental Logic

III. Of the Division of General Logic into Analytic and Dialectic

IV. Of the Division of Transcendental Logic into Transcendental Analytic and Dialectic

FIRST DIVISION

TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYTIC

BOOK I. ANALYTIC OF CONCEPTIONS

CHAPTER I. Of the Transcendental Clue to the Discovery of all Pure Conceptions of the Understanding

SECTION I. Of the Logical Use of the Understanding in General

SECTION II. Of the Logical Function of the Understanding in Judgements

SECTION III. Of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding, or Categories

CHAPTER II. Of the Deduction of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding

SECTION I. Of the Principles of a Transcendental Deduction in General

Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories

SECTION II. Of the Possibility of a Conjunction of the Manifold Representations Given by Sense

BOOK II. ANALYTIC OF PRINCIPLES

Of the Transcendental Faculty of Judgement in General

CHAPTER I. Of the Schematism of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding

CHAPTER II. System of all Principles of the Pure Understanding

SECTION I. Of the Supreme Principle of all Analytical Judgements

SECTION II. Of the Supreme Principle of all Synthetical Judgements

SECTION III. Systematic Representation of all Synthetical Principles of the Pure Understanding

I. Axioms of Intuition

II. Anticipations of Perception

III. Analogies of Experience

A. FIRST ANALOGY—Principle of the Permanence of Substance

B. SECONGD ANALOGY—Principle of the Succession of Time

C. THIRD ANALOGY—Principle of Coexistence

IV. The Postulates of Empirical Thought

Explanation

Refutation of Idealism

General Remark on the System of Principles

CHAPTER III. Of the Ground of the Division of all Objects into Phenomena and Noumena

APPENDIX. Of the Equivocal Nature or Amphiboly of the Conceptions of Reflection from the Confusion of the Transcendental with the Empirical Use of the Understanding

Remark on the Amphiboly of the Conceptions of Reflection

SECOND DIVISION

TRANSCENDENTAL DIALECTIC

I. Of Transcendental Illusory Appearance

II. Of Pure Reason as the Seat of Transcendental Illusory Appearance

A. Of Reason in General

B. Of the Logical Use of Reason

C. Of the Pure Use of Reason

BOOK I. OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF PURE REASON

SECTION I. Of Ideas in General

SECTION II. Of Transcendental Ideas

SECTION III. System of Transcendental Ideas

BOOK II. OF THE DIALECTICAL PROCEDURE OF PURE REASON

CHAPTER I. Of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason

Refutation of the Argument of Mendelssohn for the Substantiality or Permanence of the Soul

Conclusion of the Solution of the Psychological Paralogism

General Remark on the Transition from Rational Psychology to Cosmology

CHAPTER II. The Antinomy of Pure Reason

SECTION I. System of Cosmological Ideas

SECTION II. Antithetic of Pure Reason

FIRST CONFLICT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS

SECOND CONFLICT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS

THIRD CONFLICT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS

FOURTH CONFLICT OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS

SECTION III. Of the Interest of Reason in these Self-contradictions

SECTION IV. Of the Necessity Imposed upon Pure Reason of Presenting a Solution of its Transcendental Problems

SECTION V. Sceptical Exposition of the Cosmological Problems Presented in the four Transcendental Ideas

SECTION VI. Transcendental Idealism as the Key to the Solution of Pure Cosmological Dialectic

SECTION VII. Critical Solution of the Cosmological Problem

SECTION VIII. Regulative Principle of Pure Reason in Relation to the Cosmological Ideas

SECTION IX. Of the Empirical Use of the Regulative Principle of Reason, with Regard to the Cosmological Ideas

I. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Composition of Phenomena in the Universe

II. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Division of a Whole Given in Intuition

Concluding Remark on the Solution of the Transcendental Mathematical Ideas—and Introductory to the Solution of the Dynamical Ideas

III. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Deduction of Cosmical Events from their Causes

Possibility of Freedom in Harmony with the Universal Law of Natural Necessity

Exposition of the Cosmological Idea of Freedom in Harmony with the Universal Law of Natural Necessity

IV. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Dependence of Phenomenal Existences

Concluding Remarks on the Antinomy of Pure Reason

CHAPTER III. The Ideal of Pure Reason

SECTION I. Of the Ideal in General

SECTION II. Of the Transcendental Ideal—Prototypon Transcendentale

SECTION III. Of the Arguments Employed by Speculative Reason to Prove a Supreme Being’s Existence

SECTION IV. Of the Impossibility of an Ontological Proof of the Existence of God

SECTION V. Of the Impossibility of a Cosmological Proof of the Existence of God

Detection and Explanation of the Dialectical Illusion in all Transcendental Arguments for the Existence of a Necessary Being

SECTION VI. Of the Impossibility of a Physico-Theological Proof

SECTION VII. Critique of all Theology Based upon Speculative Principles of Reason

APPENDIX. Of the Regulative Employment of the Ideas of Pure Reason

Of the Ultimate End of the Natural Dialectic of Human Reason

TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF METHOD

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. The Discipline of Pure Reason

SECTION I. The Discipline of Pure Reason in the Sphere of Dogmatism

SECTION II. The Discipline of Pure Reason in Polemics

Scepticism not a Permanent State for Human Reason

SECTION III. The Discipline of Pure Reason in Hypothesis

SECTION IV. The Discipline of Pure Reason in Relation to Proofs

CHAPTER II. The Canon of Pure Reason

SECTION I. Of the Ultimate End of the Pure Use of Reason

SECTION II. Of the Ideal of the Summum Bonum as a Determining Ground of the Ultimate End of Pure Reason

SECTION III. Of Opinion, Knowledge, and Belief

CHAPTER III. The Architectonic of Pure Reason

CHAPTER IV. The History of Pure Reason

術語彙編與簡釋 ^[2] 

康德，德國哲學家、作家，現代西方哲學史上的核心人物，德國古典哲學創始人，開啓了德國古典哲學和康德主義等諸多流派。其代表作有《純粹理性批判》、《實踐理性批判》和《判斷力批判》等。韓鋭，廣東外語外貿大學英語語言文化學院副院長、副教授。中山大學和英國華威大學雙碩士，香港大學政治哲學博士。主要研究領域為當代英美規範哲學和美國學。段宜航，廣東外語外貿大學英語學士，愛丁堡大學建築系城市設計與戰略專業碩士。 ^[1]