神經語言學

本書圍繞神經語言學的研究的兩大核心內容，分為四個部分：第一部分討論神經語言學的學科屬性、背景、歷史和研究的方法，第二部分討論採用語言學理論與心理學實驗對語言障礙的研究， ^[1]  第三部分討論採用大腦成像和腦電技術對大腦的語言功能和語言處理的神經基礎，第四部分神經語言學研究所存在的三個主要問題進行了討論，並提出了一定的解決方案。 本書採用文獻研究的方法對該學科一百多年的研究進行全面的梳理與思考，理清其發展脈絡，總結已有的研究成果，發現共識與分歧，分析目前存在的問題，指明神經語言學未來的研究方向。 ^[1] 

序····················i

前言····················v

第1章.導論·················1

1.1什麼是神經語言學·············1

1.2神經語言學的研究問題··········3

1.3神經語言學研究的意義··········7

1.4結語··················13

第2章.語言的生物基礎··········15

2.1神經系統················15

2.2大腦的結構···············18

2.2.1大腦的外部結構·············18

2.2.2大腦的兩個半球·············19

2.2.3大腦的溝與回··············21

2.2.4大腦的Brodmann分區··········22

2.2.5大腦的灰質與白質···········23

2.3神經細胞················25

2.3.1神經細胞的結構·············25

2.3.2神經細胞的分類與功能·········26

2.3.3神經細胞的聯結············28

2.3.4神經模塊及其之間的聯結·········32

2.4人類的語言基因··············33

2.5結語···················36

第3章.語言障礙··············37

3.1失語症·················37

3.1.1失語症的分類··············37

3.1.2失語症患者的主要語言障礙········40

3.2兒童語言障礙···············43

3.2.1兒童失語症···············43

3.2.2專門性語言障礙·············46

3.2.3蘭達—克萊夫納綜合徵·········47

3.3失讀症·················49

3.3.1失讀症的定義··············49

3.3.2兒童失讀症···············49

3.3.3成人失讀症···············50

3.4結語···················52

第4章神經語言學的研究方法·········54

4.1語言學研究方法··············54

4.2心理語言學的實驗方法··········60

4.3電極刺激技術···············63

4.4大腦成像技術···············65

4.4.1血流動力學成像技術 ·········· 65

4.4.2電磁技術 ················73

4.4.3事件相關電位··············77

4.5結語···················84

第 5章.語言與大腦關係研究的歷史縱覽·····86

5.1關於語言與大腦之間關係的不同觀點 ···· 86

5.2古希臘羅馬時期：大腦還是心臟·······87

5.315世紀至 18世紀：對失語症的注意與觀察 ··90

5.419世紀：失語症科學研究的開始 ······ 92

5.4.1Gall的顱相學理論 ··········· 92

5.4.2Broca與 Wernicke的經典失語症研究 ··· 95

5.4.3經典失語症研究的進一步發展·······100

5.4.4整體功能學説的孕育 ···········102

5.520世紀上半葉：大腦整體功能學説的興起 ·· 104

5.5.1大腦功能整體學派的失語症研究······105

5.5.2大腦功能定位學説與聯繫學説·······107

5.620世紀下半葉：神經語言學的誕生與發展 ···109

5.6.1神經語言學的誕生············110

5.6.2解剖關聯理論的迴歸 ···········112

5.7結語··················· 115

第 6章.語音障礙 ·············· 117

6.1語音學研究 ··············· 117

6.1.1語音學與音位學·············117

6.1.2不同類型失語症患者的語音錯亂······119

6.2發音錯誤 ················ 121

6.2.1語音錯亂 ·······121

6.2.2 新語 ········124

6.2.3 聲調障礙 ······126

6.2.4 音節結構的障礙··· 126

6.3結語···················132

第 7章.詞彙障礙 ··············134

7.1詞類與詞彙障礙··············134

7.1.1 語言的詞類·····134

7.1.2 實義詞與功能詞···136

7.1.3 動詞與名詞·····136

7.1.4 規則與不規則····139

7.1.5 規則性與過去式之爭·141

7.2詞的結構與詞彙障礙 ··········· 143

7.2.1 詞的結構 ······143

7.2.2 屈折詞素 ······145

7.2.3 派生詞素 ······148

7.2.4 複合詞 ·······149

7.3詞彙障礙的頻率效應 ··········· 150

7.4詞彙障礙與詞彙處理的心理過程······· 152

7.5結語···················154

第 8章.語義障礙 ··············155

8.1意義的本質與種類·············155

8.1.1 語義的本質·····155

8.1.2 意義的種類·····156

8.2語義理論與語言障礙 ···········159

8.2.1 語義場 ·······159

8.2.2 語義成分分析····161

8.2.3 原型理論 ·····162

8.3命名障礙 ················165

8.3.1 命名錯誤 ····· 165

8.3.2 影響命名障礙的因素 ·167

8.4結語·································································176

第9章.句法障礙·······················································177

9.1語法缺失與語法錯亂·················································177

9.2語言理解中的句法障礙··········································179

9.2.1 以句法學為基礎的理論·······································180

9.2.2 與語言處理相關的理論·····································183

9.3語言產出中的句法障礙·········································187

9.3.1 以句法學為基礎的理論········································188

9.3.2 與語言處理相關的理論·······································196

9.4句法理論與語法缺失研究··············································198

9.5結語·······································································201

第10章.語用障礙·····················································203

10.1指示語的使用障礙················································204

10.1.1 指示語的定義與類型·················································204

10.1.2 指示語障礙·····························································205

10.2言語行為障礙························································212

10.2.1 言語行為理論························································212

10.2.2 言語行為障礙····················································214

10.3會話含意····················································216

10.3.1 會話含意理論·················································216

10.3.2 會話含意障礙···············································218

10.4結語·········································································224

第11章 語篇障礙······················································228

11.1語篇的銜接與連貫障礙······································228

11.1.1 語篇的銜接與連貫··········································228

11.1.2 銜接與連貫障礙···········································229

11.2語篇的類型與語篇障礙····································232

11.2.1 語篇的類型與會話分析································232

11.2.2 記敍性語篇障礙·····································235

11.2.3 會話障礙····························································237

11.3語篇處理理論與語篇障礙·································240

11.4AphasiaBank簡介············································243

11.5結語····································································245

第12章.大腦的語言功能············································247

12.1大腦右半球的語言功能···········································247

12.1.1 大腦右半球在語言加工中的作用··························248

12.1.2 大腦右半球在語言功能恢復中的作用··················252

12.1.3 大腦右半球在第二語言習得中的作用···················253

12.2鏡像神經元系統的語言功能·····························254

12.2.1 鏡像神經元系統···············································254

12.2.2 鏡像神經元與語言功能····································256

12.3布洛卡氏區的語言功能··································259

12.3.1 布洛卡氏區的定位················································260

12.3.2 布洛卡氏區的語言功能·······································261

12.4丘腦的語言功能··················································264

12.4.1 丘腦性失語症患者的語言障礙······························264

12.4.2 丘腦語言功能的實驗研究··································266

12.5神經纖維與語言處理·················································268

12.5.1 神經纖維的研究技術··········································269

12.5.2 連接語言功能區的神經纖維································270

12.6結語···············································································273

第13章.語言處理的神經基礎······································274

13.1言語感知·········································································274

13.1.1 語音處理系統的專屬性·········································275

13.1.2 言語感知的神經基礎················································278

13.2句子的理解···················································285

13.2.1 句法處理···················································285

13.2.2 語義處理···················································288

13.2.3 時間進程··················································289

13.3語篇處理····································290

13.4語言的產出································································292

13.4.1 語言理解與產出的共享機制························293

13.4.2 詞彙的產出·····················································295

13.4.3 句子的產出················································298

13.4.4 發音動作的協調·····························300

13.5結語····················································301

第14章.問題、挑戰與可能的解決方案················302

14.1神經語言學研究的複雜性········································302

14.2語言學與神經科學的兼容性···························306

14.3關於大腦功能的反射説和內在説·······················310

參考文獻······································313

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