瞬間性動詞

有些瞬間性動詞可以表示延續性詞義，這時它們就可以與段時間狀語連用了。例如：

I'm going away for a few days. 我要出去幾天。(go away 表示travel)

I went to Paris for two weeks. 我去了巴黎兩個星期。(go to表示 visit)

We go to the seaside for a week every August. 我們每年八月都要到海濱度過一個星期。(go 表示travel)

Sheleft me waiting in the rain for an hour.　她讓我在雨裏等了一個小時。(leave表示cause sb. / sth. to be or remain in a particular state or position，即"使某人或某物處於某一特定的狀態"。)

瞬間性動詞的否定形式可以表示某一狀態，這時，可以與段時間狀語連用。例如：

Don't get off until the bus stops. 等車停了再下車。(停車之前要處於呆在車上的狀態。)

"be+瞬間性動詞的過去分詞"即系表結構也可以表示狀態，因此也可以與段時間狀語連用。例如：

They have been married for ten years. 他們結婚已經十年了。

The book has been lost for a week.那書已經丟了一週了。

當要表達瞬間性動作發生之後一段時間的概念時，可以有多種不同的表達方式。試比較：

湯姆到了三十分鐘了。

方法1：Tom has been here for 30 minutes.

方法2：It's 30 minutes since Tom arrived.

方法3：Tom got here 30 minutes ago.

艾麗絲直到她媽媽回來了才睡覺。

方法1： Alice didn't go to bed until her mother came back.

方法2： Alice stayed up until her mother came back.

你們認識多長時間了？

方法1： How long have you known each other?

方法2： How long ago did you get to know each other?

方法3： How long is it since you got to know each other?

Exercises:

根據漢語完成句子。

1. 火車離開已經十五分鐘了。

(1)The train ______ ______ ______ for fifteen minutes.

(2) fifteen minutes the train left.

2. 我直到夜裏十二點才睡覺。

(1)I______ ______ ______ ______ until 12 at night.

(2)I______ ______ until 12 at night.

3. 他戒煙已經三個月了。

(1)______ three months______ he ______ ______ smoking.

(2)He______ ______ for three months.

4. 他爸爸去世已經三年了。

(1)His father ______ ______ ______ ______.

(2)His father______ ______ ______ for three years.

(3)______ three years______ his father______.

Key: 1. (1)has been gone (2)It's; since

2. (1)didn't go to bed (2)stayed up

3. (1)It's; since; gave up

(2)hasn't smoked

4. (1)died three years ago

(2)has been dead

(3)It's; since; died

可以用現在完成時，但不能加時間段

延續性動詞: live,run,stay,clean,play,hold,watch,teach,read,study,teach,eat,drink,write, dance,sing,smoke,swim　瞬間性動詞open,stop,like,love,die,win,close,shot,begin,start enter,finish,admit,join

表示不能延續的動作，即動作發生後立即結束。如：begin,arrive,borrow,buy,break,close, come,fall,dic,finish,go,leave,lend,marry,reach,receive,open,sell,start,stop等。　終止性動詞的肯定式是不能持續的，所以不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用，而終止性的否定式就可以和表一段時間的狀語連用，因為否定本身就是可以延續的。　如：have a cold是持續性動詞，表示“狀態”，可與表延續性的時間狀語連用，不定冠詞不能省略。　I′ve had a cold since my arrival（到達 n.）.　I didn′t go to school because I had had a bad cold for days.　catch a cold是短暫性動作，表“動態”：它不能和延續性時間狀語連用，不定冠詞“a”可有可無，catch可用take,get代替。　Put on your coat,or you′ll catch/take/get a cold.　Take care not to get cold.　但是，若cold前有形容詞修飾時，則不定冠詞不能省。　如：Brown has taken a slight cold.　注意下列句子：　I have caught a cold for over a week.(×)　I have had a cold for over a week.(?)

表示可以延續一段時間的動作或狀態。如：be,drink,fly,eat,keep,lie,live,rain等。延續性動詞常不能和表示一個短暫具體的時間狀語連用；這類動詞如用於進行時態，則可以和表示一個短暫具體的時刻連用。　He worked at eight yesterday afternoon.(×)　He was working at eight yesterday afternoon.(?)

a)　用延續性動詞代替終止性動詞 　1、用have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 　2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 　3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 　4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 　5、用wear代替put on b)　用“be+形容詞”代終止性動詞 　1、be+married代marry 　2、be+ill代fall (get) ill 　3、be+dead代die 　4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep 　5、be+awake代wake/wake up 　6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave 　7、be+open代open 　8、be closed代close/shut 　9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose c)　用“be+副詞”代終止性動詞 　1“be+on”代start,begin 　2“be+up”代get up 　3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 　4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)　用“be+介詞短語”代終止性動詞 　1.“be in/at +地點”代替go to /come to 　2.用be in the army 代替join the army 　3.“be in/at +地點”代替move to somewhere