生物物理學

本教材重點介紹了作為生物物理學的物質基礎的細胞的結構與功能，以及建立在這個基礎上的腦和神經系統、視覺和聽覺系統及血液循環系統等幾大主要生物學系統的結構、組成、特性和功能。同時對當前生物物理學關心的自由基、生物能力學、生物組織的特性及形成等幾個基本問題作了較為詳細的介紹。

適合於本科生和研究生的教學，但因對象不同，可取捨不同的內容和採用不同的學時進行講述。 ^[1] 

第一章 細胞的結構、特性與功能................................................................................. 1

第一節 細胞核的結構與功能··················································································· 1

一、核質·················································································································· 1

二、核仁·················································································································· 2

三、核被膜·············································································································· 3

四、有絲分裂及染色體的超微結構······································································· 3

第二節 細胞質的結構及生物功能··········································································· 3

一、核糖體和多核糖體··························································································· 4

二、內質網(ER)·································································································· 4

三、高爾基複合器(高爾基器) ··········································································· 5

四、溶酶體·············································································································· 6

五、過氧化小體(微體) ······················································································· 7

六、線粒體·············································································································· 7

第三節 細胞膜及其成分························································································· 10

一、膜脂················································································································ 10

二、膜蛋白············································································································ 13

三、膜糖蛋白是一種蛋白質與糖類的共價複合物·············································· 17

四、N-GlcNAc 連接型聚糖················································································ 17

第四節 生物膜的特性及分子結構模型·································································· 18

一、生物膜的基本特徵························································································· 18

二、膜的分子結構模型························································································· 21

三、膜的液晶模型································································································· 22

第五節 細胞的通透性和離子與分子的被動轉移·················································· 24

一、水的通透性和通道························································································· 24

二、非電介質的通透性························································································· 27

三、有轉運載體參與下的被動轉運或易化擴散·················································· 28

四、Na+，K+，Ca2+和Mg2+及Cl-等離子的通透性·········································· 30

五、離子通道的形成及其結構············································································· 33

第六節 主動轉運和離子泵及其他運輸機制·························································· 38

一、非電解質的主動轉運效應及離子泵······························································ 38

二、鈉泵················································································································ 39

三、鈣泵················································································································ 41

四、生物膜的其他主動轉運方式········································································· 41

五、離子梯度驅動的主動運輸············································································· 42

六、胞吞運輸········································································································ 42

第二章 神經生物物理學基礎....................................................................................... 45

第一節 神經系統、大腦、神經細胞、突觸和神經遞質······································ 45

一、神經系統和大腦皮層····················································································· 45

二、神經細胞和突觸····························································································· 47

三、神經遞質和調質····························································································· 52

第二節 神經興奮及其特性····················································································· 54

一、神經的興奮狀態····························································································· 54

二、靜息電位········································································································ 56

三、動作電位········································································································ 57

四、興奮膜在興奮時的性能變化········································································· 61

五、神經信號的特性····························································································· 63

第三節 神經興奮在神經纖維中的傳遞·································································· 66

一、神經纖維系統································································································· 66

二、神經興奮的傳導理論····················································································· 67

三、神經興奮與大腦的活動················································································· 73

第四節 非傳播的突觸後電位興奮········································································· 75

一、化學突觸的突觸前和後過程········································································· 76

二、神經-肌肉突觸興奮的特點··········································································· 77

三、化學突觸後電位的機制················································································· 81

四、乙酰膽鹼(Ach)的循環過程······································································· 82

五、電突觸的特性································································································· 83

第五節 由受體介導的神經信號轉導····································································· 84

一、膜受體及特性································································································· 84

二、由G 蛋白偶聯受體介導的神經信號的跨膜轉導效應·································· 86 ^[1]