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不規則動詞

鎖定
不規則動詞,英語動詞按其過去式過去分詞的構成方式可分為規則動詞和不規則動詞。規則動詞的過去式過去分詞詞尾加-ed構成,結尾是e時,只加d,結尾是y時,將y改為ied。而不規則動詞的變化因詞而異。
中文名
不規則動詞
外文名
irregular verbs
語言對象
英語
特    點
沒有比較級
拼    音
bù guī zé dòng cí

不規則動詞定義

英語單詞中由動詞原形轉變為過去式過去分詞時不按詞尾加“-ed”之變化規則者叫做不規則動詞(irregular verbs)。
現代英語新生成的動詞都歸入“-ed”的規則變化,例如:
park→parked (停車——1864)
fax→faxed (以傳真傳送——1979)
e-mail→e-mailed (以電腦網絡傳送——1982)
(所附年次為最早用例出現年次——O.E.D.)
因此,不規則動詞可以説都是古英語動詞的不規則變化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者,所以我們今天在學習英語時絕對無法規避,也不可能規避這些不規則動詞。
從英語的演變來看,不規則動詞就是強勢動詞(strong verbs)--即其詞形變化全依其本身之語音(尤其是元音)變化來進行而不借助詞尾的變化。例如:
原形
buy(買)
bought
bought
sing(唱)
sang
sung
speak(講)
spoke
spoken
我們學習不規則動詞的時候,最有效的方法就是要針對這種詞形變化的現象,瞭解其變化的型式,發出聲音背念,使其能自然地融入我們的speaking和writing,這樣才能説確實地把不規則動詞學會了。
注:與強勢動詞相對,須藉助“-ed”之詞尾來進行詞形變化的規則動詞就叫做弱勢動詞(weak verbs)。 [1] 

不規則動詞分類表

不規則動詞AAA型

現在式、過去式和過去分詞同形,保持不變,除進行式外
詞例 [2] 
動詞原型
過去式
過去分詞
意思
cost
cost
cost
花費
cut
cut
cut
割,切
hit
hit
hit
put
put
put
放下
read #
read
read
hurt
hurt
hurt
受傷
let
let
let
注:read的過去式和過去分詞的讀音與動詞原型的讀音不同。

不規則動詞AAB型

現在式和過去式同形
詞例:
動詞原型
過去式
過去分詞
意思
beat
beat
beaten

不規則動詞ABA型

現在式和過去分詞同形
詞例:
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
come
came
come
來到
become
became
become
run
ran
run
overcome
overcame
overcome
征服,打敗

不規則動詞ABB型

過去式與過去分詞同形
分為以下情形:
① 在動詞原形後加一個輔音字母d或t。
詞例:
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
burn
burnt
burnt
燃燒
learn
learned / learnt
learned / learnt
學習
mean
meant
meant
含義
hear
heard
heard
聽見
② 把動詞原形的最後一個輔音字母“d”改為“t”。 [1] 
詞例:
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
build
built
built
建築
lend
lent
lent
send
sent
sent
傳送
spend
spent
spent
花費
③ 其他不規則的各種變化。 [2] 
詞例:
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
pay
paid
paid
付錢
lay
laid
laid
下蛋
say
said
said
bring
brought
brought
帶來
buy
bought
bought
fight
fought
fought
戰鬥
think
thought
thought
思考
sleep
slept
slept
睡覺
feel
felt
felt
感覺
keep
kept
kept
保持
sweep
swept
swept
stand
stood
stood
understand
understood
understood
理解
win
won
won
勝利
catch
caught
caught
抓住
teach
taught
taught
find
found
found
發現
get
got
got
得到
hold
held
held
leave
left
left
離開
make
made
made
製造
meet
met
met
遇見
shoot
shot
shot
射擊
dig
dug
dug
smell
smelt / smelled
smelt / smelled
嗅,聞
shine
shone / shined
shone / shined
發光
sit
sat
sat
坐下
have
had
had

不規則動詞ABC型

三詞不同形,分為以下情形:
① 在動詞原形後加-n或-en 構成過去分詞 。
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
落下
give
gave
given
take
took
taken
拿,記錄,拍攝
see
saw
seen
看見
write
wrote
written
ride
rode
ridden
drive
drove
driven
駕駛
throw
threw
thrown
拋,扔
blow
blew
blown
grow
grew
grown
生長
know
knew
known
知道
show
showed
shown
展示
draw
drew
drawn
拉,繪畫,抽籤
② 過去式加-n或-en構成過去分詞。
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
speak
spoke
spoken
説話
break
broke
broken
破碎
choose
chose
chosen
選擇
forget
forgot
forgotten
忘記
freeze
froze
frozen
凝固
把單詞在重讀音節中的元音字母“i”變成“a”(過去式)和“u”(過去分詞)。 [3] 
動詞原形
過去式
過去分詞
意思
begin
began
begun
開始
ring
rang
rung
按鈴
sing
sang
sung
sink
sank
sunk
swim
swam
swum
游泳
drink
drank
drunk

不規則動詞常用薈萃

序號
不定式
過去式
過去分詞
1
abide
abode, abided
abode, abided
2
arise
arose
arisen
3
awake
awoke
awaked, awoken
4
be
was
been
5
bear
bore
borne, born
6
beat
beat
beaten
7
become
became
become
8
befall
befell
befallen
9
beget
begot
begotten
10
begin
began
begun
11
behold
beheld
beheld
12
bend
bent
bent
13
bereave
bereaved, bereft
bereaved, bereft
14
beseech
besought
besought
15
beset
beset
beset
16
bet
bet, betted
bet, betted
17
betake
betook
betaken
18
bethink
bethought
bethought
19
bid
bade, bid
bidden, bid
20
bind
bound
bound
21
bite
bit
bitten, bit
22
bleed
bled
bled
23
blend
blended, blent
blended, blent
24
bless
blessed, blest
blessed, blest
25
blow
blew
blown
26
break
broke
broken
27
breed
bred
bred
28
bring
brought
brought
29
broadcast
broadcast, broadcasted
broadcast, broadcasted
30
build
built
built
31
burn
burnt, burned
burnt, burned
32
burst
burst
burst
33
buy
bought
bought
34
cast
cast
cast
35
catch
caught
caught
36
chide
chided, chid
chided, chidden
37
choose
chose
chosen
38
cleave
clove, cleft
cloven, cleft
39
cling
clung
clung
40
clothe
clothed, clad
clothed, clad
41
come
came
come
42
cost
cost
cost
43
creep
crept
crept
44
crow
crowed, crew
crowed
45
cut
cut
cut
46
dare
dared, durst
dared, durst
47
deal
dealt
dealt
48
dig
dug
dug
49
dive
dived; (US) dove
dived
50
do
did
done
51
draw
drew
drawn
52
dream
dreamt, dreamed
dreamt, dreamed
53
drink
drank
drunk
54
drive
drove
driven
55
dwell
dwelt
dwelt
56
eat
ate
eaten
57
fall
fell
fallen
58
feed
fed
fed
59
feel
felt
felt
60
fight
fought
fought
61
find
found
found
62
flee
fled
fled
63
fling
flung
flung
64
fly
flew
flown
65
forbear
forbore
forborne
66
forbid
forbade, forbad
forbidden, forbid [4] 
67
forecast
forecast, forecasted
forecast, forecasted
68
foreknow
foreknew
foreknown
69
foresee
foresaw
foreseen
70
foretell
foretold
foretold
71
forget
forgot
forgotten
72
forgive
forgave
forgiven
73
forsake
forsook
forsaken
74
forswear
forswore
forsworn
75
freeze
froze
frozen
76
gainsay
gainsaid
gainsaid
77
get
got
got; (US) gotten
78
gild
gilded, gilt
gilded, gilt
79
gird
girded, girt
girded, girt
80
give
gave
given
81
go
went
gone
82
grave
graved
graven, graved
83
grind
ground
ground
84
grow
grew
grown
85
hamstring
hamstringed, hamstrung
hamstringed , hamstrung
86
hang
hung, hanged
hung, hanged
87
have
had
had
88
hear
heard
heard
89
heave
heaved, hove
hesved, hove, hoven
90
hew
hewed
hewed, hewn
91
hide
hid
hidden, hid
92
hit
hit
hit
93
hold
held
held
94
hurt
hurt
hurt
95
inlay
inlaid
inlaid
96
keep
kept
kept
97
kneel
knelt
knelt
98
knit
knitted, knit
knitted, knit
99
know
knew
known
100
lade
laded
laden
101
lay
laid
laid
102
lead
led
led
103
lean
leant, leaned
leant, leaned
104
leap
leapt, leaped
leapt, leaped
105
learn
learnt, learned
learnt, learned
106
leave
left
left
107
lend
lent
lent
108
let
let
let
109
lie
lay
lain
110
light
lit, lighted
lit, lighted
111
lose
lost
lost
112
make
made
made
113
mean
meant
meant
114
meet
met
met
115
melt
melted
melted, molten
116
miscast
miscast
miscast
117
misdeal
misdealt
misdealt
118
misgive
misgave
misgiven
119
mislay
mislaid
mislaid
120
mislead
misled
misled
121
misspell
misspelt
misspelt
122
misspend
misspent
misspent
123
mistake
mistook
mistaken
124
misunderstand
misunderstood
misunderstood
125
mow
mowed
mown; mowed
126
outbid
outbid
outbid
127
outdo
outdid
outdone
128
outgo
outwent
outgone
129
outgrow
outgrew
outgrown
130
outride
outrode
outridden
131
outrun
outran
outrun
132
outshine
outshone
outshone
133
overbear
overbore
overborne
134
overcast
overcast
overcast
135
overcome
overcame
overcome
136
overdo
overdid
overdone
137
overhang
overhung
overhung
138
overhear
overheard
overheard
139
overlay
overlaid
overlaid
140
overleap
overleapt, overleaped
overleapt, overleaped
141
overlie
overlay
overlain
142
override
overrode
overridden
143
overrun
overran
overun
144
oversee
oversaw
overseen
145
overshoot
overshot
overshot
146
oversleep
overslept
overslept
147
overtake
overtook
overtaken
148
overthrow
overthrew
overthrown
149
partake
partook
partaken
150
pay
paid
paid
151
prove
proved
proved, proven
152
put
put
put
153
quit
quitted, quit
quitted, quit
154
read
read [red]
read [red]
155
rebind
rebound
rebound
156
rebuild
rebuilt
rebuilt
157
recast
recast
recast
158
redo
redid
redone
159
relay
relaid
relaid
160
remake
remade
remade
161
rend
rent
rent
162
repay
repaid
repaid
163
rerun
reran
rerun
164
reset
reset
reset
165
retell
retold
retold
166
rewrite
rewrote
rewritten
167
rid
red, redded
rid, ridded
168
ride
rode
ridden
169
ring
rang
rung
170
rise
rose
risen
171
rive
rived
riven, rived
172
run
ran
run
173
saw
sawed
sawn, sawed
174
say
said
said
175
see
saw
seen
176
seek
sought
sought
177
sell
sold
sold
178
send
sent
sent
179
set
set
set
180
sew
sewed
sewn, sewed
181
shake
shook
shaken
182
shave
shaved
shaved, shaven
183
shear
sheared
sheared, shorn
184
shed
shed
shed
185
shine
shone
shone
186
shoe
shod
shod
187
shoot
shot
shot
188
show
showed
shown, showed
189
shrink
shrank, shrunk
shrunk, shrunken
190
shrive
shrove, shrived
shriven, shrived
191
shut
shut
shut
192
sing
sang, sung
sung
193
sink
sank, sunk
sunk; sunken
194
sit
sat
sat
195
slay
slew
slain
196
sleep
slept
slept
197
slide
slid
slid
198
sling
slung
slung
199
slink
slunk
slunk
200
slit
slit
slit
201
smell
smelt; smelled
smelt; smelled
202
smite
smote
smitten
203
sow
sowed
sown, sowed
204
speak
spoke
spoken
205
speed
sped, speeded
sped, speeded
206
spell
spelt, spelled
spelt, spelled
207
spend
spent
spent
208
spill
spilt, spilled
spilt, spilled
209
spin
spun, span
spun
210
spit
spat, spit
spat, spit
211
spoil
spoilt, spoiled
spoilt, spoiled
212
spread
spread
spread
213
spring
sprang, sprung
sprung
214
stand
stood
stood
215
stave
staved, stove
staved, stove
216
steal
stole
stolen
217
stick
stuck
stuck
218
sting
stung
stung
219
stink
stank, stunk
stunk
220
strew
strewed
strewn, strewed
221
stride
strode
stridden, strid
222
strike
struck
struck, stricken
223
string
strung
strung
224
strive
strove
striven
225
swear
swore
sworn
226
sweep
swept
swept
227
swell
swelled
swollen, swelled
228
swim
swam
swum
229
swing
swung
swung
230
take
took
taken
231
teach
taught
taught
232
tear
tore
torn
233
tell
told
told
234
think
thought
thought
235
thrive
throve, thrived
thriven, thrived
236
throw
threw
thrown
237
thrust
thrust
thrust
238
tread
trod
trodden, trod
239
unbend
unbent
unbent
240
unbind
unbound
unbound
241
underbid
underbid
underbid, underbidden
242
undergo
underwent
undergone
243
understand
understood
understood
244
undertake
undertook
undertaken
245
undo
undid
undone
246
upset
upset
upset
247
wake
woke, waked
woken, waked
248
waylay
waylaid
waylaid
249
wear
wore
worn
250
weave
wove
woven
251
weep
wept
wept
252
win
won
won
253
wind
wound
wound
254
withdraw
withdrew
withdrawn
255
withhold
withheld
withheld
256
withstand
withstood
withstood
257
work
worked, wrought
worked, wrought
258
wring
wrung
wrung
259
write
wrote
written

不規則動詞識記方法

(1)原形、過去式、過去分詞相同(A-A-A型):
cast/cost/cut/hit/hurt/let/put/broadcast/burst/read/red/set/shut/spread/thrust/upset
(2)原形、過去式相同,過去分詞不同(A-A-B型):
beat/beat/beaten
(3)原形、過去分詞相同,過去式不同(A-B-A型):
come/came/come become/became/become
run/ran/run overcome/overcame/overcome
(4)原形不同,過去式,過去分詞相同(A-B-B):
1.在動詞原形後加一個輔動詞d或t構成過去式或過去分詞。
2.把動詞原形的最後一個輔音字母“d”改為“t”構成過去式或過去分詞
3.其他 [3] 
feel/felt/felt sleep/slept/slept
leave/left/left smell/smelt/smelt
keep/kept/kept creep/crept/crept
kneel/knelt/knelt sweep/swept/swept
spell/spelt/spelt weep/wept/wept
catch/caught/caught fight/fought/fought
teach/taught/taught think/thought/thought
stand/stood/stood lay/laid/laid
understand/understood/understood pay/paid/paid
bleed/bled/bled say/said/said
feed/fed/fed stick/stuck/stuck
lead/led/led strike/struck/struck
meet/met/met tell/told/told
learn/learnt/learnt sell/sold/sold
learn/learned/learned win/won/won
burn/burnt/burnt wind/wound/wound
burn/burned/burned have(has)/had/had
deal/dealt/dealt hear/heard/heard
mean/meant/meant lean/leant/leant
dream/dreamt/dreamt lean/ leaned/leaned
bend/bent/bent shine/shone/shone
build/built/built shoot/shot/shot
lend/lent/lent show/showed/shown,
spend/spent/spent show/showed//showed
flee/fled/fled sit/sat/sat
speed/sped/sped lose/lost/lost
speed/speeded/speeded dig/dug/dug
spit/spit/spit hold/held/held
spit/spat/spat get/got/got(AmE gotten)
bring/brought/brought find/found/found
light/lit/lit make/made/made
light/lighted/lighted buy/bought/bought
(5)現在式,過去式,過去分詞都不同(A-B-C型):
1.在動詞原形後加-n或-en構成過去分詞。
2.過去式加-n或-en構成過去分詞。
3.變單詞在重讀音節中的的元音字母“i”分別為“a”(過去式)“u”(過去分詞)。
drive/drove/driven blow/blew/blown
rise/rose/risen fly/flew/flown
wake woke/woken grow/grew/grown
do/did/done know/knew/known
go/went/gone throw/threw/thrown
see/saw/seen prove/proved/proven
eat/ate/eaten break/broke/broken
fall/fell/fallen choose/chose/chosen
give/gave/given freeze/froze/frozen
shake/shook/shaken speak/spoke/spoken
take/took/taken steal/stole/stolen
mistake/mistook/mistaken weave/wove/woven
forbid/forbad/forbidden begin/began/begun
forget/forgot/forgotten drink/drank/drunk
ride/rode/ridden ring/rang/rung
hide/hid/hidden sing/sang/sung
write/wrote/written sink/sank/sunk
wear/wore/worn swim/swam/swum
(6)相同動詞因其過去式、過去分詞有兩形式而產生不同詞義:
speed過去式、過去分詞有兩種:
sped/sped快行 speeded/speeded加速
light過去式,過去分詞有兩種:
lit/lit點着(表語) lighted/lighted供電,點燃的(定語)
shine過去式、過去分詞有兩種:
shone/shone/照耀 shined/shined擦亮
hang過去式、過去分詞有兩種:
hung/hung懸掛 hanged/hanged絞死
(7)drunken,stricken,sunken已轉為形容詞常作定語
a~ sot酒鬼 in a~manner搖搖晃晃地
(8)lie躺卧lay/lain/lying(現在分詞
lie撒謊 lied/lied/lying
lay放,下蛋laid/laid/laying
(9)come,become,overcome屬不規則變化,但welcome屬規則動詞,其過去式、過去分詞為:welcomed,welcomed
(10)fly,blow不是規則變化,但flow(流)是規則變化,過去式、過去分詞為flowed,flowed.
(11) find發現 found found
found創建 founded founded
wind繞 wound wound
wound傷害 wounded wounded
see看見 saw seen
saw鋸 sawed sawed
bear作“出生”, 過去分詞有兩種:born,borne
borne用於have之後及帶有by的被動句中;
born用於be born in/on/at中。
作“出生”,以外意義,其形式為bear/bore/borne忍受。
參考資料
  • 1.    本書編寫組.普通高等院校英語專業本科生系列教材:現代英語語法(第二版).北京:北京大學出版社,2011年
  • 2.    霍恩比.牛津高階英漢雙解詞典(第八版).北京:商務印書館,2015年
  • 3.    劉毅.英語字根詞典.北京:外文社,2013年
  • 4.    有道詞典  .forbid_有道詞典.2019-04-18[引用日期2020-02-06]